{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:16:04Z","timestamp":1780636564983,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]],"date-time":"2012-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2476,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ligand\u2010PET studies are attracting increasing interest in experimental and clinical research. As the most elaborated of PET techniques, ligand\u2010PET allows the demonstration of receptor distributions, and thus, the delineation of neurochemical pathologies in the disease state. Recent developments are promising that ligand\u2010PET will even allow to characterize dynamic and short\u2010term changes in neurotransmission and will tremendously add to the understanding of neurophysiology on the receptor level. In pain studies, mainly the \u03bc\u2010opioidergic agonist {<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C}\u2010carfentanil and the unspecific opioid receptor antagonist {<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C}\u2010diprenorphine are applied. Utilizing these ligands the thalamus, prefrontal and cingulate cortex, basal ganglia and midbrain structures have been shown to possess high amounts of opioidergic receptors in vivo and it is well accepted, that the receptor density is higher in projections of the medial than those of the lateral pain system. Changes in receptor availability were observed in patients suffering from chronic pain. Rheumatoid arthritis, trigeminal neuralgia and central poststroke pain (CPSP) all lead to decreased ligand binding in pain processing regions during the painful period in comparison to pain free intervals or healthy subjects. These decreases may either be the consequence of increased endogenous release or indicate receptor internalization\/down\u2010regulation or loss of neurons carrying these receptors. Recent studies also evidenced {<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C}\u2010carfentanil binding changes due to acute experimental pain. One possible interpretation of these changes is that the PET\u2010ligand might be displaced by endogenous opioidergic ligands. One major region, where this \u201cligand displacement\u201d was observed, was the thalamus. These findings highlight the importance of the opioidergic system in pain processing and the power of ligand\u2010PET to advance the understanding of pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.07.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,21]],"date-time":"2004-08-21T13:11:59Z","timestamp":1093093919000},"page":"117-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["What to learn from in vivo opioidergic brain imaging?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Till","family":"Sprenger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Berthele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Platzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Boecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Rudolf","family":"T\u00f6lle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8051(01)00293-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10799899909036640"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00266-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.1.525"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"893","article-title":"Positron emission tomography receptor studies","volume":"79","author":"Duncan J.S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. 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