{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T10:59:05Z","timestamp":1784631545288,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021778","name":"Agencia Nacional De Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica Y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT 2020 N3030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2020 N3030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009559","name":"Universidad Nacional de Quilmes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009559","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006258","name":"Comisi\u00f3n de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006258","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIP 2021-2023 N 11220200102694CO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP 2021-2023 N 11220200102694CO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T22:06:44Z","timestamp":1760306804000},"page":"114893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Inhalable nanocapsules for lung delivery of Pirfenidone and Bacterioruberin: Modulating macrophages to target pulmonary fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"217","author":[{"given":"Micaela Ail\u00e9n","family":"Juncal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6236-4083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezequiel Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia Carolina","family":"Rivas Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Morilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3020-1746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eder Lilia","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia Herminia","family":"Higa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5902-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Julia","family":"Altube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2022.12.021","article-title":"Comparison of two antifibrotic treatments for lung fibrosis in post-COVID-19 syndrome: A randomized, prospective study","volume":"160","author":"Kerget","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Clin. (Barc.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202103-342OC","article-title":"Pirfenidone in Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Ghazipura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0015","article-title":"Use of pirfenidone in fibrotic interstitial lung diseases and beyond: A review","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0452OC","article-title":"Pirfenidone modulates airway responsiveness, inflammation, and remodeling after repeated challenge","volume":"35","author":"Hirano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0328TR","article-title":"Pirfenidone: Molecular mechanisms and potential clinical applications in lung disease","volume":"62","author":"Ruwanpura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2018.10.006","article-title":"Antifibrotic effects of a novel pirfenidone derivative in vitro and in vivo","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.12.034","article-title":"Pirfenidone protects against paraquat-induced lung injury and fibrosis in mice by modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and gene expression","volume":"112","author":"Pourgholamhossein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01059-1","article-title":"Oxidant\/antioxidant disequilibrium in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis","volume":"43","author":"Cameli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2013.09.002","article-title":"Predictors of the clinical effects of pirfenidone on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"52","author":"Arai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2018.1507","article-title":"A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation phase 1 study of aerosolized pirfenidone delivered via the PARI Investigational eFlow nebulizer in volunteers and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"33","author":"Khoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0055","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA). Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use Assessment Report Esbriet. 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0060","article-title":"Safety of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: integrated analysis of cumulative data from 5 clinical trials","volume":"3","author":"Lancaster","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01714-y","article-title":"Comparative outcomes in patients receiving pirfenidone or nintedanib for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Belhassen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061830","article-title":"Layer-by-layer pirfenidone\/cerium oxide nanocapsule dressing promotes wound repair and prevents scar formation","volume":"27","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071828","article-title":"More than pigments: The potential of astaxanthin and bacterioruberin-based nanomedicines","volume":"15","author":"Morilla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00792-017-0954-y","article-title":"Carotenoids from the extreme halophilic archaeon Haloterrigena turkmenica: Identification and antioxidant activity","volume":"21","author":"Squillaci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Extremophiles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-017-1374-z","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant, antihemolytic, and anticancer activity of the carotenoids from halophilic archaea","volume":"75","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0090","article-title":"Improved stability and biological activity of bacterioruberin in nanovesicles","volume":"77","author":"Caimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug. Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.110961","article-title":"Bacterioruberin from Haloarchaea plus dexamethasone in ultra-small macrophage-targeted nanoparticles as potential intestinal repairing agent","volume":"191","author":"Higa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0100","article-title":"Enhancing the anti-psoriatic activity of vitamin D3 employing nanostructured archaeolipid carriers","volume":"73","author":"Simioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug. Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2016.1342","article-title":"Preference of aerosolized pirfenidone to oral intake: An experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis by paraquat","volume":"31","author":"Rasooli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2021-0027","article-title":"Novel approach for attenuation of pirfenidone-induced digestive symptoms: A respirable powder formulation of pirfenidone","volume":"12","author":"Seto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-219391","article-title":"Inhaled pirfenidone solution (AP01) for IPF: A randomised, open-label, dose\u2013response trial","volume":"78","author":"West","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0120","series-title":"Factors Affecting Bioaccessibility and Bio-efficacy of Carotenoids Carotenoids: Properties, Processing and Applications","first-page":"41","author":"Shilpa","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-019-2732-2","article-title":"Aerosol pirfenidone pharmacokinetics after inhaled delivery in sheep: A viable approach to treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"37","author":"Kaminskas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0130","article-title":"Engineering macrophage\u2010derived exosome to deliver pirfenidone: A novel approach to combat silicotic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/50\/505101","article-title":"Local delivery of biodegradable pirfenidone nanoparticles ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice","volume":"23","author":"Trivedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0140","first-page":"262","article-title":"Alveolar macrophage phagocytosis-evading inhaled microgels incorporating nintedanib-PLGA nanoparticles and pirfenidone-liposomes for improved treatment of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.039","article-title":"Novel drug delivery systems and disease models for pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"348","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0150","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Chemistry Review NDA 22-535 Esbriet Pirfenidone Capsules. 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.10.018","article-title":"Polymer-based nanocapsules for drug delivery","volume":"385","author":"Mora-Huertas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v19.i2.10","article-title":"Nanocapsule technology: A review","volume":"19","author":"Couvreur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1334","article-title":"Improving drug biological effects by encapsulation into polymeric nanocapsules","volume":"7","author":"Frank","year":"2015","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00043-6","article-title":"Relationship between complement activation, cellular uptake and surface physicochemical aspects of novel PEG-modified nanocapsules","volume":"22","author":"Mosqueira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012248721523","article-title":"Biodistribution of long-circulating PEG-grafted nanocapsules in mice: Effects of PEG chain length and density","volume":"18","author":"Mosqueira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0180","article-title":"Active encapsulation in biocompatible nanocapsules","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2006.04.009","article-title":"Biomedical applications and current status of peptide and protein nanoparticulate delivery systems","volume":"2","author":"Pinto Reis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guterres SS, Alves MP, Pohlmann AR. Polymeric Nanoparticles, Nanospheres and Nanocapsules, for Cutaneous Applications. vol. 2. 2007.","DOI":"10.1177\/117739280700200002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10050847","article-title":"Polymeric nanocapsules as nanotechnological alternative for drug delivery system: Current status challenges and opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/ejnm-2014-0019","article-title":"Overcoming the pulmonary barrier: new insights to improve the efficiency of inhaled therapeutics","volume":"6","author":"Murgia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1553955","article-title":"Future of nanomedicines for treating respiratory diseases","volume":"16","author":"Scherlie\u00df","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S192","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201802-144AW","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a genetic disease involving mucus and the peripheral airways","volume":"15","author":"Schwartz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601556","article-title":"Nanoparticles that do not adhere to mucus provide uniform and long-lasting drug delivery to airways following inhalation","volume":"3","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.10.031","article-title":"Advanced materials for drug delivery across mucosal barriers","volume":"119","author":"Bandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2021.100110","article-title":"Engineering nanoparticles to overcome the mucus barrier for drug delivery: Design, evaluation and state-of-the-art","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Drug. Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(89)90281-0","article-title":"Nanocapsule formation by interfacial polymer deposition following solvent displacement","volume":"55","author":"Fessi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160est\u00e1k Z. Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S., Pfander, H. (ed.): Carotenoids. Handbook. Photosynthetica 2004 42:2 2004;42:186\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:PHOT.0000040641.40049.19.","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PHOT.0000040641.40049.19"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-97072016000200025","article-title":"Development and validation of simple, rapid and sensitive UV, HPLC and HPTLC methods for the estimation of pirfenidone in tablet dosage form","volume":"61","author":"Thorat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chil. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00721","article-title":"Fast biofilm penetration and Anti-PAO1 activity of nebulized azithromycin in nanoarchaeosomes","volume":"17","author":"Altube","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b00780","article-title":"Macro- and microrheological properties of mucus surrogates in comparison to native intestinal and pulmonary mucus","volume":"20","author":"Huck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30364","article-title":"Osteoarthritic synovial tissue inhibition of proteoglycan production in human osteoarthritic knee cartilage: Establishment and characterization of a long-term cartilage-synovium coculture","volume":"63","author":"Beekhuizen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9120(96)00003-6","article-title":"A simplified method for the analysis of hydroxyproline in biological tissues","volume":"29","author":"Kesava Reddy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4917","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14174917","article-title":"Evaluation of the In vitro cytotoxic activity of ursolic acid PLGA nanoparticles against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines","volume":"14","author":"Markowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0275","article-title":"Structure and stability of biodegradable polymer nanoparticles in electrolyte solution","volume":"10","author":"Saha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Lett.: X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5536","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105536","article-title":"Design and development of a new type of hybrid PLGA\/Lipid nanoparticle as an ursolic acid delivery system against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells","volume":"23","author":"Markowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(87)90034-4","article-title":"A simple equation for description of solute release I. Fickian and non-fickian release from non-swellable devices in the form of slabs, spheres, cylinders or discs","volume":"5","author":"Ritger","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2019.127394","article-title":"Density functional studies and spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV\u2013visible, and NMR)with molecular docking approach on an antifibrotic drug Pirfenidone","volume":"1203","author":"Manjusha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3390\/biophysica2010008","article-title":"Cholesterol significantly affects the interactions between Pirfenidone and DPPC Liposomes: Spectroscopic studies","volume":"2","author":"Le-Deygen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophysica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijpca.2019.001","article-title":"Analytical techniques for Pirfenidone and Terizidone: A review","volume":"6","author":"Mujeeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Chem. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.10.045","article-title":"Inhaled deep eutectic solvent based-nanoemulsion of pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"352","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90910-7","article-title":"Design, development, and preclinical evaluation of pirfenidone-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for pulmonary delivery","volume":"15","author":"Chettupalli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103819","article-title":"Pirfenidone encapsulated in succinylated gelatin-coated liposomes exhibits sustained antifibrotic effects in vitro models of renal, pulmonary, and hepatic fibrosis","volume":"114","author":"Togami","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0320","article-title":"Engineering of stimulus-responsive pirfenidone liposomes for pulmonary delivery during treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.06.029","article-title":"Correlation and clinical relevance of animal models for inhaled pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals","volume":"167","author":"S\u00e9cher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/55.1.24","article-title":"Intratracheal instillation as an exposure technique for the evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity: Uses and limitations","volume":"55","author":"Driscoll","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2007.04.015","article-title":"The effect of polymeric wall on the permeability of drug-loaded nanocapsules","volume":"28","author":"Poletto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.11.002","article-title":"Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to mucosal tissues","volume":"61","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9726","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200803526","article-title":"Addressing the PEG mucoadhesivity paradox to engineer nanoparticles that \u201cslip\u201d through the human mucus barrier","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-042320-030240","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms underlying idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Moss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2153","article-title":"Inhaling medicines: Delivering drugs to the body through the lungs","volume":"6","author":"Patton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05876-z","article-title":"Targeting pathogenic macrophages by the application of SHP-1 agonists reduces inflammation and alleviates pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"14","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00073012","article-title":"The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis: A moving target","volume":"41","author":"Wuyts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.08.019","article-title":"High levels of IL-6 and IL-8 characterize early-on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis acute exacerbations","volume":"102","author":"Papiris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1444964","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and its impact on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-22-41","article-title":"Pirfenidone inhibits cell fibrosis in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease by targeting the TNF-\u03b1\/STAT3\/KL6 pathway","volume":"14","author":"Zuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2011.10.016","article-title":"Design, synthesis and biological activity of original pyrazolo-pyrido-diazepine, -pyrazine and -oxazine dione derivatives as novel dual Nox4\/Nox1 inhibitors","volume":"19","author":"Gaggini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.07.007","article-title":"Pirfenidone inhibits the induction of iNOS stimulated by interleukin-1\u03b2 at a step of NF-\u03baB DNA binding in hepatocytes","volume":"41","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.04.021","article-title":"Fibroblast-macrophage reciprocal interactions in health, fibrosis, and cancer","volume":"54","author":"Buechler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0400","unstructured":"Partida N, Ponce MA, Buendia I, Falfan R. Type 2 macrophages and Th2 CD4+ cells in interstitial lung diseases (ILDs): an overview 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36141\/svdld.v35i2.6691."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0405","article-title":"S100a4 is secreted by alternatively activated alveolar macrophages and promotes activation of lung fibroblasts in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0020TR","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"53","author":"Craig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116116","article-title":"The role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in fibrosis diseases and its molecular mechanisms","volume":"171","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15071616","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effect of lactose-modified hyaluronic acid molecules on primary bronchial fibroblasts of smokers","volume":"15","author":"Donato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers (basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.111915","article-title":"Fibroblasts treated with macrophage conditioned medium results in phenotypic shifts and changes in collagen organization","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L507","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00263.2022","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages drive lung fibroblast function in cocultures of IPF and normal patient samples","volume":"324","author":"Novak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0606-x","article-title":"Fibroblast paracrine TNF-\u03b1 signaling elevates integrin A5 expression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)","volume":"18","author":"Epstein Shochet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7947596","article-title":"Elevation of IL-6 and IL-33 Levels in Serum Associated with Lung Fibrosis and Skeletal Muscle Wasting in a Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury Mouse Model","volume":"2019","author":"Shieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-021-00701-7","article-title":"The role of macrophage\u2013fibroblast interaction in lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary fibrosis: An acceleration in lung fibroblast aerobic glycolysis","volume":"102","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S093964112500270X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S093964112500270X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:11:24Z","timestamp":1778559084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S093964112500270X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["S093964112500270X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893","relation":{},"ISSN":["0939-6411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0939-6411","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Inhalable nanocapsules for lung delivery of Pirfenidone and Bacterioruberin: Modulating macrophages to target pulmonary fibrosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114893","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114893"}}