{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:17:22Z","timestamp":1793146642166,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T23:54:18Z","timestamp":1782431658000},"page":"115167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Hydrophobic ion pairing formed semaglutide designed for oral self-microemulsifying delivery in diabetes treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"226","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8137-3945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuai","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9586-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association., (2021). 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care, 44(0149-5992), S15-S33. Doi: 10.2337\/dc21-S002.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators., (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 402(0140-6736), 203-234. Doi: 10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01301-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6"},{"issue":"0140\u20136736","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0085","first-page":"2077","article-title":"Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants","volume":"404","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association., (2014). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 37 Suppl 1(0149-5992), S81-90. Doi: 10.2337\/dc14-S081.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-S081"},{"issue":"1548\u20139221","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0050","first-page":"138","article-title":"Circadian Etiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"33","author":"Javeed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"issue":"2405\u20135808","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0045","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus - conventional therapies and future perspectives in innovative treatment","volume":"42","author":"Gieroba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"issue":"2059\u20133635","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01951-9","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: pathogenesis, prevention and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"1759\u20135029","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0016-2","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 in health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Andersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"0193\u20131849","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E595","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00236.2023","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of incretin receptor based dual- and tri-agonists in pancreatic islets","volume":"325","author":"Folli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"1389\u20139155","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09699-1","article-title":"Semaglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist with cardiovascular benefits for management of type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"issue":"0272\u20134391","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21832","article-title":"Challenges of peptide and protein drug delivery by oral route: current strategies to improve the bioavailability","volume":"82","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"issue":"2059\u20133635","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02107-5","article-title":"Advance in peptide-based drug development: delivery platforms, therapeutics and vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"1396\u20130296","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0135","article-title":"Injection site reactions with the use of biological agents","volume":"32","author":"Thomaidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"issue":"0724\u20138741","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-021-03063-3","article-title":"Lipophilic Salts and Lipid-based Formulations: Enhancing the Oral delivery of Octreotide","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J., Liu, Y., Xue, Y., Jiang, Z., Chen, B., &Liu, J., (2024). Endoperoxide-enhanced self-assembled ROS producer as intracellular prodrugs for tumor chemotherapy and chemodynamic therapy. Exploration (Beijing), 4(2766-8509 (Print) 2766-2098), 20230127. Doi: 10.1002\/exp.20230127.","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20230127"},{"issue":"0378\u20135173","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.02.030","article-title":"Approaches for enhancing oral bioavailability of peptides and proteins","volume":"447","author":"Renukuntla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, H. W., Mamuti, M., Wang, X., Yao, H., Wang, M. D., Zhao, L., &Li, L. L., (2021). Rationally designed modular drug delivery platform based on intracellular peptide self-assembly. Exploration (Beijing), 1(2766-8509 (Print) 2766-2098), 20210153. Doi: 10.1002\/exp.20210153.","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20210153"},{"issue":"0939\u20136411","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2017.12.014","article-title":"The ability of two in vitro lipolysis models reflecting the human and rat gastro-intestinal conditions to predict the in vivo performance of SNEDDS dosing regimens","volume":"124","author":"Siqueira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"issue":"2666\u20133864","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0155","article-title":"Dynamic structural evolution and controllable redox potential for abnormal high-voltage sodium layered oxide cathodes","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"issue":"0378\u20135173","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0125","article-title":"Novel solid self-emulsifying drug delivery system to enhance oral bioavailability of cabazitaxel","volume":"654","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"0141\u20138130","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0120","article-title":"Acyl chitosan based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of lipophilic drug with enhanced oral bioavailability and mucoadhesion: Formulation development, optimization and in vitro\/in vivo characterization","volume":"306","author":"Sabale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, D., Sun, Y., Li, F., Zheng, M., Lovejoy, D. B., Zou, Y., &Shi, B., (2022). Brain co-delivery of first-line chemotherapy drug and epigenetic bromodomain inhibitor for multidimensional enhanced synergistic glioblastoma therapy. Exploration (Beijing), 2(2766-8509 (Print) 2766-2098), 20210274. Doi: 10.1002\/exp.20210274.","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20210274"},{"issue":"1932\u20136203","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0025","article-title":"Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: a versatile approach to enhance the oral delivery of BCS class III drug via hydrophobic ion pairing","volume":"18","author":"Asad","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2093\u20136214","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-021-00549-5","article-title":"Recent progress in hydrophobic ion-pairing and lipid-based drug delivery systems for enhanced oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals","volume":"52","author":"Noh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"issue":"2516\u20130230","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4207","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NA00308H","article-title":"Hydrophobic ion pairing: encapsulating small molecules, peptides, and proteins into nanocarriers","volume":"1","author":"Ristroph","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"issue":"0378\u20135173","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0145","article-title":"Oral delivery of calcitonin-ion pairs: In vivo proof of concept for a highly lipophilic counterion","volume":"631","author":"Wibel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"1999\u20134923","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18020275","article-title":"Optimizing Self-Emulsifying Drug delivery Systems for the Oral Delivery of a Hydrophobic Ion-Paired Lysozyme complex","volume":"18","author":"De\u00e1k","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"0253\u20136269","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-011-1114-z","article-title":"Effects of Pluronic F68 and Labrasol on the intestinal absorption and pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in rats","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939641126001888?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939641126001888?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:42:59Z","timestamp":1790109779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0939641126001888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["S0939641126001888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167","relation":{},"ISSN":["0939-6411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0939-6411","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hydrophobic ion pairing formed semaglutide designed for oral self-microemulsifying delivery in diabetes treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2026.115167","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115167"}}