{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:28:08Z","timestamp":1791142088562,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]],"date-time":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,19]],"date-time":"2005-03-19T23:18:26Z","timestamp":1111274306000},"page":"127-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["In vivo neuroprotective effects of the novel imidazolyl nitrone free-radical scavenger (Z)-\u03b1-[2-thiazol-2-yl)imidazol-4-yl]-N-tert-butylnitrone (S34176)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"511","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Lockhart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Roger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Bonhomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solo","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Lestage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.6.1077","article-title":"Stilbazulenyl nitrone, a novel azulenyl nitrone antioxidant: improves neurological deficit and reduced contusion size after traumatic brain injury in rats","author":"Belayev","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90299-4","article-title":"Limbic seizure and brain damage produced by kainic acid: mechanisms and relevance to human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Ben-Ari","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)00218-9","article-title":"Oxygen free radicals in rat limbic structures after kainic acid-induced seizures","volume":"18","author":"Bruce","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib4","first-page":"265","article-title":"Effects of desferoxamine\/manganese complex, a superoxide dismutase-mimic, on kainate-induced pathology in rat brain","volume":"13","author":"Bruce","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91689-6","article-title":"\u03b1-Phenyl-tert-butyl-nitrone reduces cortical infarct and edema in rats subjected to focal ischaemia","volume":"644","author":"Cao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199610)24:2<173::AID-SYN9>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"\u03b1-Phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone attenuates methamphetamine-induced depletion of striatal dopamine without altering hyperthermia","volume":"24","author":"Cappon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00918-3","article-title":"Benzamide, an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, attenuates methamphetamine-induced dopamine neurotoxicity in the C57BL\/6 mouse","volume":"735","author":"Cosi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7901908","article-title":"Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"262","author":"Coyle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.1.198","article-title":"Parallel antioxidant and antiexcitotoxic therapy improves outcome in incomplete global cerebral ischaemia in dogs","volume":"28","author":"Davis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03469-8","article-title":"In vitro blood brain barrier permeability and cerebral endothelial cell uptake of the neuroprotective nirone NXY-059 in normal, hypoxic and ischemic conditions","volume":"955","author":"Dehouck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01463-0","article-title":"Clinical trials with neuroprotective drugs in acute ischaemic stroke: are we doing the right thing?","volume":"22","author":"De Keyser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1021\/jm991154w","article-title":"Synthesis, structure, and neuroprotective properties of novel imidazolyl nitrones","volume":"43","author":"Dhainaut","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199009000-00004","article-title":"The importance of brain temperature in alterations of the blood-brain barrier during brain ischaemia","volume":"49","author":"Dietrich","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(02)01079-X","article-title":"Synthesis of a new family of glycolipid nitrones as potential antioxidant drugs for neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"13","author":"Durand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(01)00385-2","article-title":"Nitrones, their value as therapeutics and probes to understand aging","volume":"123","author":"Floyd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib16","first-page":"688","article-title":"U-78517F: a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation with activity in experimental brain injury and ischaemia","volume":"258","author":"Hall","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00268-9","article-title":"MDL 101,002, a free radical spin trap, is efficacious in permanent and transient focal ischaemia models","volume":"63","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(98)00126-8","article-title":"Inhibition of NF-kappaB, iNOS mRNA, COX2 mRNA, and COX catalytic activity by phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN)","volume":"1448","author":"Kotake","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199907000-00008","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of a novel nitrone, NXY-059, after transient focal ischaemia in the rat","volume":"19","author":"Kuroda","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib20","first-page":"785","article-title":"Detection of hydroxyl radicals in rat striatum during transient focal ischaemia: possible implication in tissue damage","volume":"19","author":"Lancelot","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1358\/dnp.2002.15.4.668049","article-title":"Spin trap agents: a new approach to stroke therapy","volume":"15","author":"Lapchak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug News Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000081223.74129.04","article-title":"Ebselen, a seleno-organic antioxidant, is neuroprotective after embolic strokes in rabbits: synergism with low-dose tissue plasminogen activator","volume":"34","author":"Lapchak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000015346.00054.8B","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of the spin trap agent disodium [-(tert-butylimino)-methyl]benzene-1,3-disulphonate N-oxide (generic NXY-059) in a rabbit small clot embolic stroke model: combination studies with the thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator","volume":"33","author":"Lapchak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000017145.22806.AA","article-title":"Effects of the spin trap agent disodium [(tert-butylimino)-methyl]benzene-1,3-disulphonate N-oxide (generic NXY-059) on tntracerebral hemorrhage in a rabbit largel clot embolic stroke model: combination studies with tissue plasminogen activator","volume":"33","author":"Lapchak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.3.675","article-title":"Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the nitrone NXY-059 in patients with acute stroke","volume":"32","author":"Lees","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib26","first-page":"527","article-title":"Spin-trapping profile and neuroprotective action of S34176, a novel imidazolyl-nitrone, in models of cerebral neurodegeneration","volume":"27","author":"Lockhart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Abstr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)00862-7","article-title":"Protective effect of the antioxidant 6-ethoxy-2,2-pentamethylen-1,2-dihydroquinoline (S33113) in models of cerebral neurodegeneration","volume":"416","author":"Lockhart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760100300351","article-title":"Comparison of the radical trapping ability of PBN, S-PPBN and NXY-059","volume":"34","author":"Maples","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.1.190","article-title":"NXY-059, a free radical-trapping agent, substantially lessens the functional disability resulting from cerebral ischaemia in a primate species","volume":"32","author":"Marshall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib30","first-page":"752","article-title":"Environment, drug-and stress-induced alterations in body temperature affect the neurotoxicity of substituted amphetamines in the C57BL\/6J mouse","volume":"270","author":"Miller","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(90)90005-D","article-title":"Idebenone attenuates neuronal degeneration induced by intrastriatal injections of excitotoxins","volume":"108","author":"Miyamoto","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02010-7","article-title":"Effects of combined postischemic hypothermia and delayed N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) administration on histopathological behavioural deficits associated with transient global ischaemia in rats","volume":"846","author":"Pazos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.10.3.267","article-title":"A new model of bilateral hemispheric ischaemia in the unanaesthetised rat","volume":"10","author":"Pulsinelli","year":"1979","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.7.7737461","article-title":"Oxidative processes and antioxidative defence mechanisms in the aging brain","volume":"9","author":"Reiter","year":"1995","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1998.1086","article-title":"Expression of cytokines and activation of transcription factors in lipopolysaccharide-administered rats and their inhibition by phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN)","volume":"363","author":"Sang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1995.120","article-title":"Improved therapeutic window for treatment of histotoxic hypoxia with a free radical spin trap","volume":"15","author":"Schulz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199902000-00004","article-title":"Synergistic protective effects of antioxidant and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in transient focal ischaemia","volume":"19","author":"Spinnewyn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704449","article-title":"Effect of NXY-059 on infarct volume after transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat; studies on dose, plasma concentration and therapeutic time window","volume":"135","author":"Sydserff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib40","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Radical trapping and inhibition of iron-dependent CNS damage by cyclic nitrone spin traps","volume":"70","author":"Thomas","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"n\u00b02","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(96)00901-1","article-title":"Generation of lipid radicals in the hippocampal extracellular space during kainic acid-induced seizures in rats","volume":"26","author":"Ueda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib42","first-page":"1597","article-title":"Protective effects of MCI-186 on cerebral ischaemia: possible involvement of free radical scavenging and antioxidant actions","volume":"268","author":"Watanabe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(19990301)31:3<169::AID-SYN1>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"N-tert-butyl-alpha-Phenylnitrone protects against \u03b1,\u2032-Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine-induced depletion of serotonin in rats","volume":"31","author":"Yeh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02618-X","article-title":"NXY-059, a novel free radical trapping compound, reduces cortical infarction after permanent focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat","volume":"909","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299905001482?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299905001482?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T19:11:56Z","timestamp":1549307516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299905001482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0014299905001482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.043","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}}}