{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:47:51Z","timestamp":1789508871754,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T12:14:03Z","timestamp":1543234443000},"page":"233-239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effect of Vincamine, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"843","author":[{"given":"H.S.","family":"Nandini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakash Ramachandra","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132012000400007","article-title":"Evaluation of lipid profile and oxidative stress in STZ-induced rats treated with antioxidant vitamin","volume":"55","author":"Almeida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib3","first-page":"1602","article-title":"Pharmacological reputation of vinca plant \u2013 a review","volume":"5","author":"Archna","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(99)00079-0","article-title":"Antioxidant lipoate and tissue antioxidants in aged rats","volume":"11","author":"Arivazhagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/00060793-199608000-00001","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications","volume":"3","author":"Baynes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(00)80082-7","article-title":"Oxidative stress and glycaemic regulation","volume":"49","author":"Ceriello","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib7","first-page":"145","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of leaves of Vinca rosea linn","volume":"35","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(99)00095-1","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of some blood sugar lowering agents of plant origin","volume":"67","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/162724","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052187","article-title":"Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"353","author":"Control","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib11","article-title":"Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of mahanimbine (carbazole alkaloid) from Murraya koenigii (rutaceae) leaves","author":"Dineshkumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12964","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.22.12964","article-title":"Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in collagen cross-linking by high glucose in vitro and in vivo","volume":"271","author":"Elgawish","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib13","first-page":"13","article-title":"Study of hypoglycemic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Juglans regia normal and diabetic rats","volume":"2","author":"Fathiazad","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.25.4.131","article-title":"Diabetes treatment, Part 2: oral agents for glycemic management","volume":"25","author":"Fowler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of LDL-C in plasma without the use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2012005000023","article-title":"Anti-hyperlipidemic activity of oryzanol, isolated from crude rice bran oil, on Triton WR-1339-induced acute hyperlipidemia in rats","volume":"22","author":"Ghatak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60011-7","article-title":"Anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity of methanol extracts of three species of Amaranthus","volume":"1","author":"Girija","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2438","article-title":"Comparison of the antidiabetic activity of Berberis lyceum root extract and berberine in alloxan-induced diabetic rats","volume":"22","author":"Gulfraz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90326-2","article-title":"A fluorometric method for determination of oxidized and reduced glutathione in tissues","volume":"74","author":"Hissin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-137.x","article-title":"Antioxidants NFK-B activation and diabetogenesis","volume":"222","author":"Ho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Sci. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib21","first-page":"2010","article-title":"Antidiabetic activity of vinca rosea extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation, 2014. Idf Diabetes Atlas 2014 Update. Diabetes Atlas, six ed. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.10.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.10.007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-236","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effect of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"12","author":"Ju\u00b4arez-Rojop","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_241.x","article-title":"Antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant effect of rutin, a polyphenolic flavonoid, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats","volume":"98","author":"Kamalakkannan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00324-5","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic activity of Momordica cymbalaria in alloxan diabetic rats","author":"Kameswara Rao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.31.73","article-title":"Hypolipidemic effects of Sophora flavescens and its constituents in poloxamer induced hyperlipidemic and cholesterol-fed rats","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib27","first-page":"1117","article-title":"Superoxide--driven oxidation of quercetin and a simple sensitive assay for determination of superoxide dismutase","volume":"19","author":"Kostyuk","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib28","first-page":"26","article-title":"Altered kinetic attributes of Na (+) + K (+)-ATPase activity in kidney, brain and erythrocyte membranes in alloxan-diabetic rats","volume":"30","author":"Kumthekar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib29","series-title":"Clinical Biochemistry","first-page":"48","author":"Latner","year":"1958"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.4172\/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000250","article-title":"Antidiabetic effect of garcinol on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"79","author":"Mali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/414821a","article-title":"New drug targets for type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"414","author":"Moller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib32","first-page":"931","article-title":"Effect of melatonin supplementation on food and water intake in streptozotocin-diabetic and non-diabetic male Wistar rats","volume":"25","author":"Montano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/2008-2231-20-37","article-title":"In vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of phenolic constituents from aerial parts of Polygonum hyrcanicum","author":"Moradi-Afrapoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"DARU J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.03.021","article-title":"Leads from Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials","volume":"106","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib35","first-page":"240","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of subcoriacin in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"54","author":"Narv\u00e1ez-Mastache","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mex. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(85)90794-4","article-title":"Sparteine increases insulin release by decreasing the K+ permeability of the B-cell membrane","author":"Paolisso","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-8902.2004.0349.x","article-title":"Antidiabetic effect of diasulin, a herbal drug, on blood glucose, plasma insulin and hepatic enzymes of glucose metabolism in hyperglycaemic rats","volume":"6","author":"Pari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes, Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220701540326","article-title":"Antihyperlipidemic effect of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin in experimental type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"29","author":"Pari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60341-4","article-title":"Antidiabetic activity of methanol extract of Acorus calamus in STZ induced diabetic rats","author":"Prisilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.05.019","article-title":"Protective effect of ferulic acid and resveratrol against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice","volume":"690","author":"Ramar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2007.00090.x","article-title":"Effect of umbelliferone on tail tendon collagen and haemostatic function in streptozotocin-diabetic rats","author":"Ramesh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2004.7.366","article-title":"Modulatory effect of Gymnema montanum leaf extract on brain antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats","volume":"7","author":"Ramkumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.0590041342.x","article-title":"Selenium-deficient diet renal oxidative stress and injury via TGF-beta I in normal and diabetic rats","volume":"59","author":"Reddi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4324-2017160741","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of Biochanin a in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"60","author":"Sadri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.11","article-title":"Effects of quercetin on antioxidant defense in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"15","author":"Sanders","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1177\/147323001204000235","article-title":"Increase in total antioxidant capacity of plasma despite high levels of oxidative stress in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"40","author":"Savu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib47","first-page":"179","article-title":"Beneficial effects of certain phospho di esterase inhibitors on diabetes mellitus in rats","volume":"52","author":"Sayed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Fac. Pharm. Cairo Univ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2006.04.008","article-title":"I want a new drug: G-protein-coupled receptors in drug development","volume":"11","author":"Schlyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/750109","article-title":"Protective nature of mangiferin on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","author":"Sellamuthu","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.10.033","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic effect of the fruit-pulp of Eugenia jambolana in experimental diabetes mellitus","volume":"104","author":"Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib51","first-page":"297","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative ability of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves in diabetes induced mice","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(01)00285-5","article-title":"Catalase\/superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase\/paraoxonase (PON) ratios may implicate poor glycemic control","volume":"32","author":"S\u00f6zmen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib53","first-page":"748","article-title":"Effect of vinca rosea extracts in treatment of alloxan diabetes in male albino rats","volume":"39","author":"Sumana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib54","series-title":"Indole Alkaloids","article-title":"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry","author":"Anon","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-9-120","article-title":"Role of LOX-1 and ROS in oxidized low-density lipoprotein induced epithelial mesenchymal transition of NRK52E","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030","volume":"27","author":"Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1997.0222","article-title":"Action of Capparis deciduas against alloxan induced oxidative stress and diabetic in rat tissues","volume":"36","author":"Yadav","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299918306897?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299918306897?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T22:26:24Z","timestamp":1757975184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299918306897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S0014299918306897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effect of Vincamine, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.11.034","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}