{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T10:01:24Z","timestamp":1768816884290,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]],"date-time":"2020-07-25T02:29:27Z","timestamp":1595644167000},"page":"173381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"special_numbering":"C","title":["OUTBREAK of novel corona virus disease (COVID-19): Antecedence and aftermath"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"884","author":[{"given":"Ankit","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukriti","family":"Vishwas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leander","family":"Corrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rubiya","family":"Khursheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaskiran","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.R.","family":"Arya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Gulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bimlesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sachin Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narendra Kumar","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheetu","family":"Wadhwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pardeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhupinder","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajneesh Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104808","article-title":"Plausibility of therapeutic effects of rho kinase inhibitors against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19)","volume":"156","author":"Abedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib3","series-title":"Canine Corona Virus Vaccine","author":"Acree","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib5","first-page":"200642","article-title":"Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases","author":"Ai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2020.2.15","article-title":"CT manifestations of novel coronavirus pneumonia: a case report","volume":"37","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"Balkan Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.02.324","article-title":"Clinical outcome in resistant HIV-2 infection treated with raltegravir and maraviroc","volume":"86","author":"Armstrong-James","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib10","series-title":"Vaccine","author":"Baras","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib11","article-title":"Strategies for vaccine design for corona virus using Immunoinformatics techniques","author":"Basu","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb1123","article-title":"Architecture of the SARS coronavirus prefusion spike","volume":"13","author":"Beniac","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib18","article-title":"Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)","author":"Bleibtreu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Maladies Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138745","article-title":"Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19","author":"Bloch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200112000-00015","article-title":"The mechanism of action of ribavirin: lethal mutagenesis of RNA virus genomes mediated by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase","volume":"14","author":"Cameron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-005-9035-9","article-title":"Modular organization of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.07.155","article-title":"HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir increases endothelial monolayer permeability","volume":"335","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30141-9","article-title":"Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.03.005","article-title":"Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19","volume":"97","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658","article-title":"Role of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings","volume":"59","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib32","series-title":"Respiratory Virus Vaccines","author":"Ciaramella","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(94)90095-7","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by desferrioxamine","volume":"25","author":"Cinatl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib37","article-title":"Convalescent plasma: a possible treatment of COVID-19 in India","author":"da Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed Forces India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01467-06","article-title":"A severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus that lacks the E gene is attenuated in vitro and in vivo","volume":"81","author":"DeDiego","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5367","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.11.5367-5375.1990","article-title":"Assembly of coronavirus spike protein into trimers and its role in epitope expression","volume":"64","author":"Delmas","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938","article-title":"New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?","author":"Devaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.02.023","article-title":"A cured patient with 2019-nCoV pneumonia","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2020.01012","article-title":"Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01686","article-title":"Inhibition of novel \u03b2 coronavirus replication by a combination of interferon-\u03b12b and ribavirin","volume":"3","author":"Falzarano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00398-20","article-title":"Hiding in plain sight: an approach to treating patients with severe covid-19 infection","volume":"11","author":"Fedson","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib49","series-title":"Coronaviruses: an Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis, Coronaviruses","first-page":"1","author":"Fehr","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib53","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Three-Herb Formula Shuang-Huang-Lian stabilizes mast cells through activation of mitochondrial calcium uniporter","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047","article-title":"Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioScience Trends"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","article-title":"First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States","author":"Holshue","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31042-4","article-title":"Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir\u2013ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial","author":"Hung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7221","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00440-09","article-title":"Identification of in vivo-interacting domains of the murine coronavirus nucleocapsid protein","volume":"83","author":"Hurst","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib66","series-title":"I-mab Biopharma Receives IND Approval from NMPA to InitiateClinical Trials for its Anti-GM-CSF Monoclonal Antibody TJM2 in China","author":"J Jielun Zhu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib67","author":"Jawerth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.04.020","article-title":"Nevirapine versus efavirenz for patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00245-2","article-title":"Disease progression in HIV-infected patients treated with stavudine vs. zidovudine","volume":"57","author":"Justice","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib70","author":"Kosiboro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib71","series-title":"Drug and Vaccine Design against Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Spike Protein through Computational Approach","author":"Kumar","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01824-5","article-title":"Coronavirus breakthrough: dexamethasone is first drug shown to save lives","volume":"582","author":"Ledford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2015.30.7.835","article-title":"Better understanding on MERS corona virus outbreak in Korea","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Kor. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042301","article-title":"Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual review of virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib76","series-title":"Therapeutic Options for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.02.007","article-title":"Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.09.034","article-title":"Chloroquine, a FDA-approved drug, prevents Zika virus infection and its associated congenital microcephaly in mice","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4103\/2225-4110.124335","article-title":"Antiviral natural products and herbal medicines","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of traditional and complementary medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-020-00358-y","article-title":"Successful recovery of COVID-19 pneumonia in a patient from Colombia after receiving chloroquine and clarithromycin","volume":"19","author":"Mill\u00e1n-O\u00f1ate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0959-9673.2006.00474.x","article-title":"The role of melatonin in immuno\u2010enhancement: potential application in cancer","volume":"87","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020","article-title":"Non-specific effects of BCG vaccine on viral infections","volume":"25","author":"Moorlag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80671-0","article-title":"Differential maturation and subcellular localization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus surface proteins S, M and E","volume":"86","author":"Nal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib87","first-page":"4956","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical characteristics","volume":"22","author":"Nassar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2010.11.021","article-title":"A structural analysis of M protein in coronavirus assembly and morphology","volume":"174","author":"Neuman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Combination of western medicine and Chinese traditional patent medicine in treating a family case of COVID-19 in Wuhan","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004077","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein ion channel activity promotes virus fitness and pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Nieto-Torres","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2016.48.2.145","article-title":"The Korean Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus outbreak and our responsibility to the global scientific community","volume":"48","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection & chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.032","article-title":"Development of vaccines and passive immunotherapy against SARS corona virus using SCID-PBL\/hu mouse models","volume":"25","author":"Okada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13412-5","article-title":"Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study","volume":"361","author":"Peiris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib113","series-title":"Vitamin C Infusion for the Treatment of Severe 2019-nCoV Infected Pneumonia","author":"Peng","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib114","author":"Perrone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.32794\/mr11250047","article-title":"Treatment of Ebola and other infectious diseases: melatonin \u201cgoes viral\u201d","volume":"3","author":"Reiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Melatonin Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30304-4","article-title":"Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease","volume":"395","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30270-X","article-title":"Baricitinib for COVID-19: a suitable treatment?\u2013Authors' reply","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib130","series-title":"Coronavirus: US Volunteers Test First Vaccine","author":"Roberts","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib132","first-page":"102375","article-title":"Ebola virus disease: an emerging and re-emerging viral threat","author":"Rojas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2020.40","article-title":"Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatment","volume":"44","author":"Rosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud P\u00fablic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104761","article-title":"Lianhuaqingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)","author":"Runfeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacological research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib135","author":"Salathe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib138","author":"Shakiba"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/7892","article-title":"BCG is a good immunotherapeutic agent for viral and autoimmune diseases: is it a new weapon against coronavirus (COVID-19)?","volume":"17","author":"Sharquie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronic journal of general medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13940-6","article-title":"Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV","volume":"11","author":"Sheahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.005","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses","author":"Shereen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.03.011","article-title":"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: a systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib143","first-page":"208","article-title":"A systematic review of the adjunctive use of systemic corticosteroids for pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"Smego","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Tubercul. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib144","series-title":"Immunogenic Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Compositions and Methods","author":"Smith","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30132-8","article-title":"COVID-19: combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments","volume":"20","author":"Stebbing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2014.12.006","article-title":"Raltegravir-based therapy in a cohort of HIV\/HCV co-infected individuals","volume":"69","author":"Taramasso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib154","series-title":"Coronaviruses, Medical Microbiology","first-page":"10","author":"Tyrrell","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S1730-1270(10)60060-4","article-title":"Enfuvirtide\u2013new clinical data of the management of HIV-infected patients","volume":"7","author":"Wnuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"HIV & AIDS Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib161","series-title":"A VACCINES TARGETING ANTIGENS OF THE SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS (SARS-COV)","author":"Wu","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117583","article-title":"COVID-19: melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0360-5","article-title":"COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9218","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.716100","article-title":"Glycopeptide antibiotics potently inhibit cathepsin L in the late endosome\/lysosome and block the entry of Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)","volume":"291","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.060","article-title":"Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir\/ritonavir in treating COVID-19","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299920304738?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299920304738?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T22:39:37Z","timestamp":1757975977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299920304738"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["S0014299920304738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"OUTBREAK of novel corona virus disease (COVID-19): Antecedence and aftermath","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173381","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"173381"}}