{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:35:33Z","timestamp":1786988133189,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301040\/2018-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301040\/2018-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["404927\/2018-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404927\/2018-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T22:16:13Z","timestamp":1601763373000},"page":"173629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Can selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have a neuroprotective effect during COVID-19?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"889","author":[{"given":"Luis H.A.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna M.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz G.S.","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16010034","article-title":"A 5-year observational study of patients with treatment-resistant depression treated with vagus nerve stimulation or treatment as usual: comparison of response, remission, and suicidality","volume":"174","author":"Aaronson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.06.003","article-title":"The fire this time: the stress of racism, inflammation and COVID-19","author":"Ajilore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.010207","article-title":"Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on immunity","volume":"7","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13490","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02252-13","article-title":"5-HT2 receptors facilitate JC polyomavirus entry","volume":"87","author":"Assetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0237-2","article-title":"A metabolic handbook for the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"2","author":"Ayres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25948","article-title":"Elevated interleukin-6 and severe COVID-19: a meta-analysis","author":"Aziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1021\/cn300186b","article-title":"A dialogue between the immune system and brain, spoken in the language of serotonin","volume":"4","author":"Baganz","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.06.021","article-title":"Psychosocial factors and hospitalisations for COVID-19: prospective cohort study based on a community sample","author":"Batty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00179","article-title":"Fluoxetine inhibits enterovirus replication by targeting the viral 2C protein in a stereospecific manner","volume":"5","author":"Bauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.60.042307.110802","article-title":"The expanded biology of serotonin","volume":"60","author":"Berger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323586","article-title":"Characteristics of ischaemic stroke associated with COVID-19","volume":"91","author":"Beyrouti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00274-20","article-title":"Serotonergic drugs inhibit chikungunya virus infection at different stages of the cell entry pathway","volume":"94","author":"Bouma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549 e1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.05.024","article-title":"Neurologic complications of COVID-19","volume":"38","author":"Bridwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g1626","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1626","article-title":"Serotonin syndrome","volume":"348","author":"Buckley","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2013.04.012","article-title":"Peripheral 5-HT7 receptors as a new target for prevention of lung injury and mortality in septic rats","volume":"218","author":"Cadirci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.01.014","article-title":"Immune system to brain signaling: neuropsychopharmacological implications","volume":"130","author":"Capuron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198905253202117","article-title":"Systemic reaction to the anti-T-cell monoclonal antibody OKT3 in relation to serum levels of tumor necrosis factor and interferon-gamma [corrected]","volume":"320","author":"Chatenoud","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.07.015","article-title":"Elevated glucose levels favor SARS-CoV-2 infection and monocyte response through a HIF-1 alpha\/Glycolysis-Dependent Axis","volume":"32","author":"Codo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00747","article-title":"COVID-19 sepsis and microcirculation dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Colantuoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3766","article-title":"Inhibiting peripheral serotonin synthesis reduces obesity and metabolic dysfunction by promoting brown adipose tissue thermogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Crane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1229","article-title":"Stimulation of the vagus nerve attenuates macrophage activation by activating the Jak2-STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"6","author":"de Jonge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.08.042","article-title":"High fat diet induced-obesity facilitates anxiety-like behaviors due to GABAergic impairment within the dorsomedial hypothalamus in rats","volume":"316","author":"de Noronha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4192","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1520","article-title":"Consumption of a fat-rich diet activates a proinflammatory response and induces insulin resistance in the hypothalamus","volume":"146","author":"De Souza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121ps123","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003492","article-title":"Viral and inflammatory triggers of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"4","author":"Deleidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102188","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric aspects of COVID-19 pandemic: a selective review","volume":"53","author":"Dinakaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323667","article-title":"Defining causality in COVID-19 and neurological disorders","volume":"91","author":"Ellul","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1310\/UFDA-PU6H-2B0U-K9E6","article-title":"Effect of the serotonin receptor agonist, buspirone, on immune function in HIV-infected individuals: a six-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Eugen-Olsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"HIV Clin. Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.08.012","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and substance P antagonist enhancement of natural killer cell innate immunity in human immunodeficiency virus\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000026555","article-title":"Antidepressants augment natural killer cell activity: in vivo and in vitro","volume":"39","author":"Frank","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.252","article-title":"The association between obesity and anxiety disorders in the population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Gariepy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.11.010","article-title":"Poly I:C-induced activation of the immune response is accompanied by depression and anxiety-like behaviours, kynurenine pathway activation and reduced BDNF expression","volume":"28","author":"Gibney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.108317","article-title":"High-refined carbohydrate diet consumption induces neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in mice","volume":"77","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30216-7","article-title":"Endotheliopathy in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: evidence from a single-centre, cross-sectional study","author":"Goshua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.11.003","article-title":"The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram decreases human immunodeficiency virus receptor and coreceptor expression in immune cells","volume":"80","author":"Greeson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Brain serotonin in high-fat diet-induced weight gain, anxiety and spatial memory in rats","author":"Haleem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12424","article-title":"Light therapy and serotonin transporter binding in the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex","volume":"132","author":"Harrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(90)90125-B","article-title":"Enhancement of human natural killer cell cytotoxicity by serotonin: role of non-T\/CD16+ NK cells, accessory monocytes, and 5-HT1A receptors","volume":"127","author":"Hellstrand","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3102","article-title":"Innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2017.00048","article-title":"The effects of serotonin in immune cells","volume":"4","author":"Herr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00579-2","article-title":"Effect of fluoxetine on extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat brain. Role of 5-HT autoreceptors","volume":"358","author":"Hervas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485","article-title":"Inflammation and metabolic disorders","volume":"444","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00177","article-title":"Metabolic disturbances connecting obesity and depression","volume":"7","author":"Hryhorczuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-2124","article-title":"Clinical features of severe patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12668","article-title":"Induction of interleukin-1 beta by activated microglia is a prerequisite for immunologically induced fatigue","volume":"40","author":"Ifuku","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.01.064","article-title":"Interaction of new antidepressants with sigma-1 receptor chaperones and their potentiation of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells","volume":"727","author":"Ishima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.04.035","article-title":"Specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors prevent interferon-alpha-induced depression in patients with hepatitis C: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1366.020","article-title":"Brain cytokines and the 5-HT system during poly I:C-induced fatigue","volume":"1088","author":"Katafuchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00219","article-title":"Constitutionally high serotonin tone favors obesity: study on rat sublines with altered serotonin homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Kesic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib51","volume":"520","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2013.063","article-title":"Impact of high fat diet-induced obesity on the plasma levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomol Ther (Seoul)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.06.005","article-title":"Vagal afferent activation suppresses systemic inflammation via the splanchnic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"73","author":"Komegae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2003.11.005","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is effective in a rat model of antidepressant action","volume":"38","author":"Krahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.074","article-title":"Ethnic disparities in hospitalisation for COVID-19 in England: the role of socioeconomic factors, mental health, and inflammatory and pro-inflammatory factors in a community-based cohort study","author":"Lassale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000356535","article-title":"Chronic low-grade inflammation in metabolic disorders: relevance for behavioral symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Lasselin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-2428","article-title":"Loss of smell and taste in 2013 European patients with mild to moderate COVID-19","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib58","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of poly(I:C) induced inflammatory response in an airway epithelial model","volume":"3","author":"Lever","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001890","article-title":"Meta-analysis supports association between serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and suicidal behavior","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.04.033","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of fluoxetine in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated microglial cells","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2013.89","article-title":"Inflammatory responses in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2013.00117","article-title":"alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling inhibits inflammasome activation by preventing mitochondrial DNA release","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2588-y","article-title":"Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19","author":"Lucas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8701","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00739-15","article-title":"Serotonin receptor agonist 5-nonyloxytryptamine alters the kinetics of reovirus cell entry","volume":"89","author":"Mainou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.80","article-title":"Serotonin decreases HIV-1 replication in primary cultures of human macrophages through 5-HT(1A) receptors","volume":"154","author":"Maneglier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99S","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1395364","article-title":"Role of the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of major depression and suicidal behavior","volume":"21","author":"Mann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712000387","article-title":"Electrophysiological and neurochemical effects of long-term vagus nerve stimulation on the rat monoaminergic systems","volume":"16","author":"Manta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.268573","article-title":"Reflex control of inflammation by sympathetic nerves, not the vagus","volume":"592","author":"Martelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116944","article-title":"Serotonin syndrome in two COVID-19 patients treated with lopinavir\/ritonavir","volume":"415","author":"Mas Serrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-1583OC","article-title":"Characterization of the inflammatory response to severe COVID-19 illness","author":"McElvaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50807-8","article-title":"Oral selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors activate vagus nerve dependent gut-brain signalling","volume":"9","author":"McVey Neufeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2760-08.2009","article-title":"Saturated fatty acids produce an inflammatory response predominantly through the activation of TLR4 signaling in hypothalamus: implications for the pathogenesis of obesity","volume":"29","author":"Milanski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.5","article-title":"The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target","volume":"16","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002093","article-title":"Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: current research evidence and its translation","volume":"114","author":"Minihane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0644-7","article-title":"Understanding the rise of cardiometabolic diseases in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"25","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1998.0532","article-title":"Role of serotonin in the immune system and in neuroimmune interactions","volume":"12","author":"Mossner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.03.017","article-title":"Central serotonin prevents hypotension and hypothermia and reduces plasma and spleen cytokine levels during systemic inflammation","volume":"80","author":"Mota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.07.010","article-title":"Central serotonin attenuates LPS-induced systemic inflammation","volume":"66","author":"Mota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-08","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2","volume":"82","author":"Netland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-07-2903","article-title":"A novel form of immune signaling revealed by transmission of the inflammatory mediator serotonin between dendritic cells and T cells","volume":"107","author":"O'Connell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.11.002","article-title":"Interferon beta 1-a and selective anti-5HT(2a) receptor antagonists inhibit infection of human glial cells by JC virus","volume":"132","author":"O'Hara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.132","article-title":"Targeting neural reflex circuits in immunity to treat kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Okusa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719001454","article-title":"Prevalence of low-grade inflammation in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of CRP levels","volume":"49","author":"Osimo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00530","article-title":"Hypercoagulopathy and adipose tissue exacerbated inflammation may explain higher mortality in COVID-19 patients with obesity","volume":"11","author":"Pasquarelli-do-Nascimento","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.189","article-title":"The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex--linking immunity and metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Pavlov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0722-x","article-title":"Contribution of systemic inflammation to chronic neurodegeneration","volume":"120","author":"Perry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-019-0126-x","article-title":"Role of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system in health and disease","volume":"26","author":"Quintero-Villegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.01.007","article-title":"5-Hydroxytryptophan, a major product of tryptophan degradation, is essential for optimal replication of human parainfluenza virus","volume":"503","author":"Rabbani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071431","article-title":"LPS-induced low-grade inflammation increases hypothalamic JNK expression and causes central insulin resistance irrespective of body weight changes","volume":"18","author":"Rorato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau5266","article-title":"Modulation of the sigma-1 receptor-IRE1 pathway is beneficial in preclinical models of inflammation and sepsis","volume":"11","author":"Rosen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769s","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.2.769","article-title":"Neuroanatomic and neurotransmitter influences on immune function","volume":"135","author":"Roszman","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.06.023","article-title":"Does hypothalamic serotonin govern septic inflammation via the splanchnic anti-inflammatory reflex?","volume":"81","author":"Rummel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.01.001","article-title":"Systemic administration of serotonin exacerbates abdominal pain and colitis via interaction with the endocannabinoid system","volume":"161","author":"Salaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1865","article-title":"Depression and heart failure: the lonely comorbidity","author":"Sbolli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646919873925","article-title":"Serotonin syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical features, management, and potential future directions","volume":"12","author":"Scotton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib97","article-title":"The impact of obesity on severe disease and mortality in people with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Seidu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2013.52","article-title":"Reduction of influenza virus-induced lung inflammation and mortality in animals treated with a phosophodisestrase-4 inhibitor and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342931","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/342931","article-title":"Innate immunity and neuroinflammation","volume":"2013","author":"Shastri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2019373","article-title":"Neuropathological features of covid-19","author":"Solomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6771","article-title":"Alterations in smell or taste in mildly symptomatic outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Spinato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20173-y","article-title":"Immunomodulatory capacity of the serotonin receptor 5-HT2B in a subset of human dendritic cells","volume":"8","author":"Szabo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8","article-title":"The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention","volume":"20","author":"Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01321","article-title":"The inflammatory reflex","volume":"420","author":"Tracey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30287-X","article-title":"Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study","author":"Varatharaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.11.018","article-title":"5-HT2A receptors control body temperature in mice during LPS-induced inflammation via regulation of NO production","volume":"103","author":"Voronova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","article-title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Weisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12839","article-title":"Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.06.015","article-title":"Beyond a neurotransmitter: the role of serotonin in inflammation and immunity","volume":"140","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.031","article-title":"Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses","volume":"87","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.062","article-title":"Correlation between immune response and self-reported depression during convalescence from COVID-19","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13343","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders impairs 5-HT function and anxiety-like behavior in mice","volume":"173","author":"Zemdegs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.086","article-title":"Lymphopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib115","volume":"742","author":"Zimniak","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4838","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00983-12","article-title":"Fluoxetine is a potent inhibitor of coxsackievirus replication","volume":"56","author":"Zuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299920307214?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299920307214?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T22:40:41Z","timestamp":1757976041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299920307214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["S0014299920307214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Can selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have a neuroprotective effect during COVID-19?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173629","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"173629"}}