{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:27:29Z","timestamp":1770830849716,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T10:40:58Z","timestamp":1609497658000},"page":"173832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Advantages and challenges in nanomedicines for chronic liver diseases: A hepatologist's perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"893","author":[{"given":"Devaraj","family":"Ezhilarasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2017.1324465","article-title":"Silymarin nanoemulsion against human hepatocellular carcinoma: development and optimization","volume":"46","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artificial Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0105-0","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury","volume":"5","author":"Andrade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.09.014","article-title":"Burden of liver diseases in the world","volume":"70","author":"Asrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2014.936948","article-title":"Improving the anticancer activity of curcumin using nanocurcumin dispersion in water","volume":"66","author":"Basniwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Canc."},{"issue":"1 Suppl. l","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.012","article-title":"NAFLD: a multisystem disease","volume":"62","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.37427","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles-loaded anti-miR221 enhances antitumor effect of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S211748","article-title":"Formulation, characterization and evaluation of curcumin- loaded PLGA- TPGS nanoparticles for liver cancer treatment","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00218","article-title":"Targeting of hepatic macrophages by therapeutic nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Colino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2018.1510974","article-title":"Green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles with extract of hawthorn fruit induced HepG2 cells apoptosis","volume":"56","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceut. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.031","article-title":"Selenium nanoparticles fabricated in laminarin polysaccharides solutions exert their cytotoxicities in HepG2 cells by inhibiting autophagy and promoting apoptosis","volume":"137","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib11","series-title":"Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications","first-page":"45","article-title":"Nanomedicine for hepatic fibrosis","author":"Devaraj","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112155","article-title":"Formulation strategies for enhancing the bioavailability of silymarin: the state of the art","volume":"24","author":"Di Costanzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00510.x","article-title":"Kupffer cells in the liver","volume":"3","author":"Dixon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comprehen. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S166402","article-title":"Targeted and synergistic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: monosaccharide modified lipid nanoparticles for the co-delivery of doxorubicin and sorafenib","volume":"12","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201402870","article-title":"The use of nanoparticles to deliver nitric oxide to hepatic stellate cells for treating liver fibrosis and portal hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Duong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2017-0394","article-title":"Silymarin nanoformulation as potential anticancer agent in experimental Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing animals","volume":"13","author":"El-Far","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajg.2018.03.002","article-title":"Oxidative stress is bane in chronic liver diseases: clinical and experimental perspective","volume":"19","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib18","article-title":"Dapsone-induced hepatic complications: it's time to think beyond methemoglobinemia","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib19","article-title":"Critical role of estrogen in the progression of chronic liver diseases","volume":"S1499\u20133872","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib20","first-page":"40","article-title":"Silibinin alleviates N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced glutathione dysregulation and hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"14","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2012.07.004","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of silibinin against N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats","volume":"34","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.12980\/JCLM.2.2014APJTB-2014-0111","article-title":"Plant derived antioxidants and antifibrotic drugs: past, Present and Future","volume":"2","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Coast. Life Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2016.01.002","article-title":"Silibinin inhibits proliferation and migration of human hepatic stellate LX-2 cells","volume":"6","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clinic. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-3872(16)60166-2","article-title":"Silibinin induces hepatic stellate cell cycle arrest via enhancing p53\/p27 and inhibiting Akt downstream signaling protein expression","volume":"16","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2018.04.003","article-title":"Hepatic fibrosis: it is time to go with hepatic stellate cell-specific therapeutic targets","volume":"17","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.11.003","article-title":"Anticancer potential of ZnO nanoparticle-ferulic acid conjugate on Huh-7 and HepG2 cells and diethyl nitrosamine induced hepatocellular cancer on Wistar albino rat","volume":"14","author":"Ezhuthupurakkal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.09.035","article-title":"EGFR-specific PEGylated immunoliposomes for active siRNA delivery in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2015.06.006","article-title":"Nanoparticle uptake: the phagocyte problem","volume":"10","author":"Gustafson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22283","article-title":"In vitro labeling of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"108","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.5273","article-title":"Curcumin in hepatobiliary disease: pharmacotherapeutic properties and emerging potential clinical applications","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2012.09.015","article-title":"Low-molecular weight chitosan\/vascular endothelial growth factor short hairpin RNA for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"91","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2019.1629952","article-title":"Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a Cordyceps militaris extract and their antiproliferative effect in liver cancer cells (HepG2)","volume":"47","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artificial Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9012","DOI":"10.1039\/C3RA46093B","article-title":"Silymarin coated gold nanoparticles ameliorates CCl4-induced hepatic injury and cirrhosis through down regulation of hepatic stellate cells and attenuation of Kupffer cells","volume":"4","author":"Kabir","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88881","article-title":"Liver inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"127","author":"Koyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052415","article-title":"Immune responses in the liver","volume":"36","author":"Kubes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2019.1650914","article-title":"Is curcumin bioavailability a problem in humans: lessons from clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"Kunnumakkara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expet Opin. Drug Metabol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1039\/C4GC01815J","article-title":"Evaluation of berberine\/bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for liver fibrosis therapy","volume":"17","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101279","article-title":"Magnetic-assisted treatment of liver fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Levada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S157805","article-title":"miR-221 suppression through nanoparticle-based miRNA delivery system for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy and its diagnosis as a potential biomarker","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2019.1642902","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles from Marsdenia tenacissima and its anticancer activity of liver cancer HepG2 cells","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artificial Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S237335","article-title":"Sorafenib-loaded nanoparticles based on biodegradable dendritic polymers for enhanced therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6536","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b00553","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell\/red blood cell-inspired nanoparticle therapy in mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver failure","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-020-2833-6","article-title":"Light-triggered NO-releasing nanoparticles for treating mice with liver fibrosis","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00913","article-title":"Dual-functional nanoparticles targeting CXCR4 and delivering antiangiogenic siRNA ameliorate liver fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1412-8","article-title":"Molecular targeted and immune checkpoint therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Canc. Res.: CR (Clim. Res.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.02.003","article-title":"Going beyond the liver: progress and challenges of targeted delivery of siRNA therapeutics","volume":"203","author":"Lorenzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Contr. Release: Off. J. Controlled Release Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3633","article-title":"3-Hydroxyflavone enhances the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles in vitro","volume":"38","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol. : JAT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2017.54","article-title":"Using nanoparticles in medicine for liver cancer imaging","volume":"32","author":"Moghadam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30517","article-title":"Nanomedicine in management of hepatocellular carcinoma: challenges and opportunities","volume":"140","author":"Mohamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4566","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24244566","article-title":"Development of asialoglycoprotein receptor-targeted nanoparticles for selective delivery of gemcitabine to hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Nair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/112_2016_6","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis and siRNA-based therapy","volume":"172","author":"Omar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.10.020","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles reduce steatosis, portal hypertension and display anti-inflammatory properties in rats with liver fibrosis","volume":"64","author":"Or\u00f3","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2016.01.013","article-title":"Cellular distribution of injected PLGA-nanoparticles in the liver","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"4 Suppl. l","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.S3.1097","article-title":"Liver","volume":"113","author":"Pi\u00f1eiro-Carrero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6997","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S145951","article-title":"Nanoparticles for the treatment of liver fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Poilil Surendran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22324","article-title":"The cytotoxic properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the rat liver and spleen, and its anticancer impacts on human liver cancer cell lines","volume":"33","author":"Rahimi Kalateh Shah Mohammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib57","article-title":"\u03b2-Sitosterol-assisted silver nanoparticles activates Nrf2 and triggers mitochondrial apoptosis via oxidative stress in human hepatocellular cancer cell line","author":"Raj","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-4-10","article-title":"Kupffer cells are central in the removal of nanoparticles from the organism","volume":"4","author":"Sadauskas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6452","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2015.10608","article-title":"Effect of green tea extract encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles on hepatic fibrosis collagen fibers assessed by atomic force microscopy in rat hepatic fibrosis model","volume":"15","author":"Safer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200220666190308134351","article-title":"Recent findings on nanotechnology-based therapeutic strategies against hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Samie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.07.014","article-title":"Contribution of Kupffer cells to liposome accumulation in the liver","volume":"158","author":"Samuelsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2165\/11587020-000000000-00000","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of tyrosine kinase inhibitors: focus on 4-anilinoquinazolines","volume":"50","author":"Scheffler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.546","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics modeling and analysis of foretinib in adult patients with advanced solid tumors","volume":"55","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-019-00623-7","article-title":"TiO2 particles induce ER stress and apoptosis in human hepatoma cells, HepG2, in a particle size-dependent manner","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.102057","article-title":"Nanotherapeutic silibinin: an insight of phytomedicine in healthcare reformation","volume":"21","author":"Takke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010035","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance leakiness and drug permeability in primary human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells","volume":"20","author":"Tee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.019","article-title":"The liver","volume":"27","author":"Trefts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol. : CB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-013-9767-7","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of surface modified paclitaxel attached hydroxyapatite and titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"15","author":"Venkatasubbu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7396","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB01845J","article-title":"Nanoparticle mediated silencing of tenascin C in hepatic stellate cells: effect on inflammatory gene expression and cell migration","volume":"7","author":"Vivero-Escoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S194787","article-title":"Salvianolic acid A attenuates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by regulating the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR, Bcl-2\/Bax and caspase-3\/cleaved caspase-3 signaling pathways","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.37301","article-title":"Liver-targeted delivery of TSG-6 by calcium phosphate nanoparticles for the management of liver fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0099","article-title":"Camptothecin-based nanodrug delivery systems","volume":"14","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Canc. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib73","article-title":"Grand challenges in nanomedicine","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C, Mater. Biol. Applicat."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR07248K","article-title":"Selective killing of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells by three-dimensional nanographene nanoparticles based on triptycene","volume":"7","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib75","first-page":"3333","article-title":"Silymarin-loaded solid nanoparticles provide excellent hepatic protection: physicochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0186-y","article-title":"A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib77","first-page":"11","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nature reviews","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e01071","article-title":"Development of asialoglycoprotein receptor directed nanoparticles for selective delivery of curcumin derivative to hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"Yousef","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6045","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S132304","article-title":"Silica nanoparticles induce liver fibrosis via TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 pathway in ICR mice","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib80","first-page":"3212","article-title":"Resveratrol reduced liver damage after liver resection in a rat model by upregulating sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and inhibiting the acetylation of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Mon. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res. : Int. Med. J. Exp. Clinc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib81","first-page":"181","article-title":"Antifibrotic effects of specific siRNA targeting connective tissue growth factor delivered by polyethyleneimine-functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on LX-2 cells","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib82","first-page":"633","article-title":"Silybin nanoparticles for liver cancer: development, optimization and in vitro - in vivo evaluation","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. B.U.ON. : Off. J. Balkan Union Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.06.012","article-title":"Nanomedicine of synergistic drug combinations for cancer therapy - strategies and perspectives","volume":"240","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Contr. Release : Off. J. Controlled Release Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.9b00631","article-title":"Theranostic quercetin nanoparticle for treatment of hepatic fibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.03.022","article-title":"Enhancing anti-tumor efficiency in hepatocellular carcinoma through the autophagy inhibition by miR-375\/sorafenib in lipid-coated calcium carbonate nanoparticles","volume":"72","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299920309377?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299920309377?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T22:46:18Z","timestamp":1757976378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299920309377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["S0014299920309377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Advantages and challenges in nanomedicines for chronic liver diseases: A hepatologist's perspectives","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173832","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"173832"}}