{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:38:53Z","timestamp":1791934733735,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000882","name":"Brain Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRZZ UIP-2019-04-8277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ UIP-2019-04-8277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T21:02:41Z","timestamp":1701550961000},"page":"176242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Beyond neuromuscular activity: botulinum toxin type A exerts direct central action on spinal control of movement"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"962","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6521-4948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"\u0160o\u0161tari\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Mati\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5134-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia","family":"Nemani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u017deljka","family":"Lu\u010dev Vasi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7554-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Cifrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pirazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2441-0031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivica","family":"Matak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010042","article-title":"Botulinum toxin in movement disorders: an update","volume":"13","author":"Anandan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0375-08.2008","article-title":"Long-distance retrograde effects of botulinum neurotoxin A","volume":"28","author":"Antonucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib3","article-title":"Spinal plasticity in stroke patients after botulinum neurotoxin A injection in ankle plantar flexors","volume":"1","author":"Aymard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.08.012","article-title":"Central origin of the antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A","volume":"94","author":"Bach-Rojecky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.1","article-title":"A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating scale for open field testing in rats","volume":"12","author":"Basso","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.23011","article-title":"Spatiotemporal correlation of spinal network dynamics underlying spasms in chronic spinalized mice","volume":"6","author":"Bellardita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2020.101079","article-title":"Rodent model of disuse-induced bone loss by hind limb injection with botulinum toxin A","volume":"7","author":"Brent","year":"2020","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.05.004","article-title":"The rat Digit Abduction Score (DAS) assay: a physiological model for assessing botulinum neurotoxin-induced skeletal muscle paralysis","volume":"71","author":"Broide","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1957.sp005737","article-title":"The action of tetanus toxin on the inhibition of motoneurones","volume":"135","author":"Brooks","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.03.049","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin type A-cleaved SNAP25 is confined to primary motor neurons and localized on the plasma membrane following intramuscular toxin injection","volume":"352","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib11","series-title":"Treatment of Dystonia","first-page":"111","article-title":"Direct central nervous system effects of botulinum neurotoxin. From Dressler D; Altenm\u00fcller E, Krauss Joachim K","author":"Caleo","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10329","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0294-18.2018","article-title":"Transynaptic action of botulinum neurotoxin type A at central cholinergic boutons","volume":"38","author":"Caleo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0812s15","article-title":"Motor coordination and balance in rodents","author":"Carter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.119726","article-title":"How to calculate sample size in animal studies?","volume":"4","author":"Charan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-10-3337","article-title":"Recombinant SNAP-25 is an effective substrate for Clostridium botulinum type A toxin endopeptidase activity in vitro","volume":"143","author":"Ekong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20065","article-title":"Physiological effects of botulinum toxin in spasticity","volume":"19","author":"Gracies","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(80)90019-2","article-title":"The effects of botulinum toxin on the synthesis, storage and release of acetylcholine","volume":"14","author":"Gundersen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.08.011","article-title":"Mechanism of action of botulinum neurotoxin: unexpected consequences","volume":"147","author":"Hallett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2002.8013","article-title":"Effects of different anesthetics on the paired-pulse depression of the H reflex in adult rat","volume":"177","author":"Ho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1159\/000519988","article-title":"Disbalance of the duodenal epithelial cell turnover and apoptosis accompanies insensitivity of intestinal redox homeostasis to inhibition of the brain glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptors in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease","volume":"112","author":"Homolak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27072","article-title":"Botulinum toxin: state of the art","volume":"32","author":"Jankovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2011.30.3.423","article-title":"Considerations when performing ultrasound-guided supraclavicular perineural catheter placement","volume":"30","author":"Jeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2007.09.014","article-title":"Development of improved SNAP25 endopeptidase immuno-assays for botulinum type A and E toxins","volume":"329","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00098","article-title":"Spinal central effects of peripherally applied botulinum neurotoxin A in comparison between its subtypes A1 and A2","volume":"5","author":"Koizumi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.07.047","article-title":"Genetic inactivation of cholinergic C bouton output improves motor performance but not survival in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"450","author":"Konsolaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00512","article-title":"Propriospinal neurons: essential elements of locomotor control in the intact and possibly the injured spinal cord","volume":"13","author":"Laliberte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2012.03.004","article-title":"New equine antitoxins to botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A and B","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib27","article-title":"A dystonia-like movement disorder with brain and spinal neuronal defects is caused by mutation of the mouse laminin \u03b21 subunit","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lamb1. Elife."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199806000-00015","article-title":"Nerve injection injury with botulinum toxin","volume":"101","author":"Lu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.02.074","article-title":"The synaptic vesicle protein 2C mediates the uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A into phrenic nerves","volume":"580","author":"Mahrhold","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib30","first-page":"11","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A versus phenol. A clinical and neurophysiological study in the treatment of ankle clonus","volume":"46","author":"Manca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.239178","article-title":"Beyond muscular effects: depression of spinal recurrent inhibition after botulinum neurotoxin A","volume":"591","author":"Marchand-Pauvert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14846","article-title":"Evidence for central antispastic effect of botulinum toxin type A","volume":"177","author":"Matak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2014.06.001","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A, brain and pain","volume":"119\u2013120","author":"Matak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.05.001","article-title":"Botulinum toxin's axonal transport from periphery to the spinal cord","volume":"61","author":"Matak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1611-9","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A in motor nervous system: unexplained observations and new challenges","volume":"123","author":"Matak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23938","article-title":"Tetanus toxin reduces local and descending regulation of the H-reflex","volume":"49","author":"Matthews","year":"2014","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414524633","article-title":"More than at the neuromuscular synapse: actions of botulinum neurotoxin A in the central nervous system","volume":"21","author":"Mazzocchio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15330","article-title":"Tetanus and tetanus neurotoxin: from peripheral uptake to central nervous tissue targets","volume":"158","author":"Megighian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib39","article-title":"Intraneural injection of botulinum toxin-A in palliative care and unresponsive neuropathic pain","author":"Mercado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199812)21:12<1701::AID-MUS12>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Botulinum toxin restores presynaptic inhibition of group Ia afferents in patients with essential tremor","volume":"21","author":"Modugno","year":"1998","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib41","article-title":"The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research","volume":"18","author":"Percie du Sert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.857","article-title":"Recombinant botulinum neurotoxin serotype A1 in vivo characterization","volume":"9","author":"P\u00e9rier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.02.025","article-title":"Intrafusal effects of botulinum toxin injections for spasticity: revisiting a previous paper","volume":"541","author":"Phadke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v55.4538","article-title":"Management of spastic equinovarus foot in children with cerebral palsy: an evaluation of anatomical landmarks for selective nerve blocks of the tibial nerve motor branches","volume":"55","author":"Picelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.116.012658","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins: biology, pharmacology, and toxicology","volume":"69","author":"Pirazzini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"issue":"694","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adg3904","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Dyt1-Tor1a dystonia in mice is mediated by spinal neural circuit dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Pocratsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.11.009","article-title":"The control of neuronal calcium homeostasis by SNAP-25 and its impact on neurotransmitter release","volume":"420","author":"Pozzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.3.801","article-title":"Physiological effects produced by botulinum toxin treatment of upper limb dystonia. Changes in reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles","volume":"118","author":"Priori","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12763","article-title":"Therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in migraine: mechanisms of action","volume":"171","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25582","article-title":"Diffusion, spread, and migration of botulinum toxin","volume":"28","author":"Ramirez-Castaneda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15650","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2618-11.2011","article-title":"Evidence for anterograde transport and transcytosis of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT\/A)","volume":"31","author":"Restani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2012.01369.x","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin A impairs neurotransmission following retrograde transynaptic transport","volume":"13","author":"Restani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03056.x","article-title":"On muscle spindles, dystonia and botulinum toxin","volume":"17","author":"Rosales","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11120686","article-title":"Tables of toxicity of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins","volume":"11","author":"Rossetto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3295","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights","volume":"12","author":"Rossetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4768-13.2014","article-title":"Normal distribution of VGLUT1 synapses on spinal motoneuron dendrites and their reorganization after nerve injury","volume":"34","author":"Rotterman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.19145","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided greater occipital nerve block with botulinum toxin for patients with chronic headache in the occipital area: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Ryu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)80448-4","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A and E cleave SNAP-25 at distinct COOH-terminal peptide bonds","volume":"335","author":"Schiavo","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.07.010","article-title":"Reduction of TRPV1 expression in the trigeminal system by botulinum neurotoxin type-A","volume":"48","author":"Shimizu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911626","article-title":"Lasting peripheral and central effects of botulinum toxin type A on experimental muscle hypertonia in rats","volume":"23","author":"\u0160o\u0161tari\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib61","first-page":"265","article-title":"Change of stretch reflex threshold in spasticity: effect of botulinum toxin injections","volume":"142","author":"Stampacchia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2006.00520.x","article-title":"Traffic of botulinum toxins A and E in excitatory and inhibitory neurons","volume":"8","author":"Verderio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23427","article-title":"Spastic cocontraction in hemiparesis: effects of botulinum toxin","volume":"46","author":"Vinti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.08.009","article-title":"Botox induced muscle paralysis rapidly degrades bone","volume":"38","author":"Warner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010021","article-title":"Central effects of botulinum neurotoxin\u2014evidence from human studies","volume":"11","author":"Weise","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.10.017","article-title":"A cluster of cholinergic premotor interneurons modulates mouse locomotor activity","volume":"64","author":"Zagoraiou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299923007562?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299923007562?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T23:25:23Z","timestamp":1757978723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299923007562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["S0014299923007562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Beyond neuromuscular activity: botulinum toxin type A exerts direct central action on spinal control of movement","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176242","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"176242"}}