{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:45:15Z","timestamp":1785851115863,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T06:19:22Z","timestamp":1722061162000},"page":"176821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Investigating Cannabidiol's potential as a supplementary treatment for schizophrenia: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"979","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7580-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes Sebastian","family":"Denis V\u00f6lker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2478-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Valentina","family":"Miclu\u021bia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7229-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona-Cristina","family":"Vina\u0219i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib1","unstructured":"A Four-week Clinical Trial Investigating Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol as a Treatment for Acutely Ill Schizophrenic Patients. Clinicaltrials.gov, https:\/\/beta.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02088060 (accessed February 4, 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.11.1686","article-title":"Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis","volume":"156","author":"Allison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib3","series-title":"Insight and Psychosis","first-page":"13","article-title":"The description and meaning of insight in psychosis","author":"Amador","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib4","article-title":"Clozapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia","author":"Asenjo Lobos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Libr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200826020-00005","article-title":"The burden of schizophrenia on caregivers: a review","volume":"26","author":"Awad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2174\/157488611798280924","article-title":"Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent","volume":"6","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2309","article-title":"Effect of cannabidiol on medial temporal, midbrain, and striatal dysfunction in people at clinical high risk of psychosis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704327","article-title":"Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues: effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide","volume":"134","author":"Bisogno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4885-9","article-title":"The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on cognition and symptoms in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia a randomized placebo controlled trial","volume":"235","author":"Boggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.08.002","article-title":"Cannabidiol (CBD) use in psychiatric disorders: a systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Bonaccorso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.09.029","article-title":"Cannabidiol modulates the motor profile and NMDA receptor-related alterations induced by ketamine","volume":"454","author":"Brakatselos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05712-8","article-title":"Cannabidiol: pharmacology and therapeutic targets","volume":"238","author":"Britch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-021-01805-8","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and cannabis: a practical approach for clinicians","volume":"38","author":"Buckley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00269","article-title":"Plastic and neuroprotective mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effects of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders","volume":"8","author":"Campos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(91)90029-Q","article-title":"Neuroleptic drug-induced extrapyramidal syndromes and tardive dyskinesia","volume":"4","author":"Casey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28073271","article-title":"The polypharmacological effects of cannabidiol","volume":"28","author":"Castillo-Arellano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby058","article-title":"Global epidemiology and burden of schizophrenia: findings from the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"44","author":"Charlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0667-2","article-title":"Adverse effects of cannabidiol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"45","author":"Chesney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05905-9","article-title":"Cannabidiol (CBD) as a novel treatment in the early phases of psychosis","volume":"239","author":"Chesney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02054-6","article-title":"Current aspects of the endocannabinoid system and targeted THC and CBD phytocannabinoids as potential therapeutics for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases: a review","volume":"57","author":"Cooray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.MY20096AH1C","article-title":"Treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"82","author":"Correll","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-022-00946-w","article-title":"Correction: a guideline and checklist for initiating and managing clozapine treatment in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"36","author":"Correll","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12631","article-title":"Cannabidiol: pharmacology and potential therapeutic 21 role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"55","author":"Devinsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00379-8","article-title":"Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial","volume":"15","author":"Devinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105357","article-title":"Crosstalk between the transcriptional regulation of dopamine D2 and cannabinoid CB1 receptors in schizophrenia: analyses in patients and in perinatal \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol-exposed rats","volume":"164","author":"Di Bartolomeo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07789-w","article-title":"Cannabidiol versus placebo as adjunctive treatment in early psychosis: study protocol for randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Dixon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp115","article-title":"The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychosocial treatment recommendations and summary statements","volume":"36","author":"Dixon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib29","unstructured":"Dosing of Olanzapine and Risperidone in Schizophrenia: A Review and Critique of the Literature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.172981","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in psychiatric disorders: an introductory primer","volume":"196","author":"Dunn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib32","series-title":"Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2019.06.005","article-title":"Effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in neuropsychiatric disorders: a review of pre-clinical and clinical findings","author":"Elsaid","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib33","unstructured":"Enhancing Recovery in Early Schizophrenia, https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02926859. (accessed May 20, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib34","unstructured":"Ergamaschi MM, Queiroz R, Chagas M. Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Na\u00efve Social Phobia Patients."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111575","article-title":"Cannabidiol: a potential new alternative for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and psychotic disorders","volume":"10","author":"Garc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00141","article-title":"The complex clinical issues involved in an athlete's decision to retire from collision sport due to multiple concussions: a case study of a professional athlete","volume":"4","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297921140054","article-title":"TRPV1 ion channel: structural features, activity modulators, and therapeutic potential","volume":"86","author":"Gladkikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Mosc.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4732","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722001672","article-title":"Cannabidiol attenuates insular activity during motivational salience processing in patients with early psychosis","volume":"53","author":"Gunasekera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379704200204","article-title":"Epidemiology of schizophrenia","volume":"42","author":"H\u00e4fner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796021000184","article-title":"Trends in the incidence and DALYs of schizophrenia at the global, regional and national levels: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 \u2013 CORRIGENDUM","volume":"30","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11060817","article-title":"Mechanisms of cannabidiol (CBD) in cancer treatment: a review","volume":"11","author":"Heider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16050503","article-title":"Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: treatment response and resistance in psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology","volume":"174","author":"Howes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8762","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0708-19.2019","article-title":"Cannabidiol counteracts the psychotropic side-effects of \u0394-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the ventral hippocampus through bidirectional control of ERK1\u20132 phosphorylation","volume":"39","author":"Hudson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190603171901","article-title":"Cannabidiol adverse effects and toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Huestis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.01.033","article-title":"A systematic review of the antipsychotic properties of cannabidiol in humans","volume":"162","author":"Iseger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13304","article-title":"Discontinuation and remission rates and social functioning in patients with schizophrenia receiving second-generation antipsychotics: 52-week evaluation of JUMPs, a randomized, open-label study","volume":"76","author":"Ishigooka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.008","article-title":"Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC:CBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain","volume":"39","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib48","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"1","author":"Kahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200923080-00005","article-title":"GABA(B) receptors, schizophrenia and sleep dysfunction: a review of the relationship and its potential clinical and therapeutic implications","volume":"23","author":"Kantrowitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.108948","article-title":"Cannabidiol and substance use disorder: dream or reality","volume":"207","author":"Karimi-Haghighi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib51","article-title":"Effects of cannabidiol on psychiatric symptoms, cognition, and cannabis consumption in cannabis users with recent-onset psychosis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Medical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6451","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612811319360006","article-title":"Schizophrenia: causes and treatments","volume":"19","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmaceut. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib53","series-title":"The Impact of Cannabidiol in Patients with Early Psychosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","author":"Kodali","year":"2024"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01379.x","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibits pathogenic T cells, decreases spinal microglial activation and ameliorates multiple sclerosis-like disease in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"163","author":"Kozela","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01831-2","article-title":"Cannabidiol improves cognitive impairment and reverses cortical transcriptional changes induced by ketamine, in schizophrenia-like model in rats","volume":"57","author":"Kozela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition","volume":"161","author":"Lehman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.15","article-title":"Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"Leweke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.614811","article-title":"Cannabidiol and amisulpride improve cognition in acute schizophrenia in an explorative, double-blind, active-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Leweke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116305","article-title":"The global burden of schizophrenia and the impact of urbanization during 1990-2019: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"232","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"339","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm002","article-title":"Correlates and long-term consequences of poor insight in patients with schizophrenia. A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Lincoln","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib61","first-page":"38","article-title":"A cannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia: pathways to psychosis","volume":"19","author":"Little","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3917-y","article-title":"2-AG promotes the expression of conditioned fear via cannabinoid receptor type 1 on GABAergic neurons","volume":"232","author":"Llorente-Berzal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.109-5141","article-title":"Filling the cannabis knowledge gap","volume":"187","author":"Lough","year":"2015","journal-title":"CMAJ (Can. Med. Assoc. J.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1159\/000435934","article-title":"Supraspinal transient receptor potential subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) in pain and psychiatric disorders","volume":"30","author":"Madasu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mod Trends Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867418815982","article-title":"Remission of severe, treatment-resistant schizophrenia following adjunctive cannabidiol","volume":"53","author":"Makiol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199920030-00006","article-title":"Managing antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism","volume":"20","author":"Mamo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0382-6","article-title":"Cannabinoids and schizophrenia: risks and therapeutic potential","volume":"12","author":"Manseau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00847.x","article-title":"Expression of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 in distinct neuronal subpopulations in the adult mouse forebrain","volume":"11","author":"Marsicano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106799","article-title":"Homegrown perceptions about the medical use and potential abuse of CBD and THC","volume":"115","author":"McFadden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17030325","article-title":"Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"175","author":"McGuire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1185\/03007999709113338","article-title":"Treatment-resistant schizophrenia--the role of clozapine","volume":"14","author":"Meltzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.712110","article-title":"Case report: CBD cigarettes for harm reduction and adjunctive therapy in a patient with schizophrenia and substance use disorder","volume":"12","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.02.002","article-title":"Extinction of avoidance behavior by safety learning depends on endocannabinoid signaling in the hippocampus","volume":"90","author":"Micale","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108279","article-title":"Are the epigenetic changes predictive of therapeutic efficacy for psychiatric disorders? A translational approach towards novel drug targets","volume":"241","author":"Micale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib75","article-title":"Cannabidiol, but not \u03b49-tetrahydrocannabinol, has strain- and genotype-specific effects in models of psychosis","author":"Mielnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02800-y","article-title":"Inflammation and Nitro-oxidative stress as drivers of endocannabinoid system aberrations in mood disorders and schizophrenia","volume":"59","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib77","first-page":"100","article-title":"Cognitive therapy for people with schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Morrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16458-1","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"363","author":"Mueser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20341","article-title":"Traditional marijuana, high-potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids: increasing risk for psychosis","volume":"15","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib80","first-page":"99","article-title":"Cannabidiol and other phytocannabinoids as cancer therapeutics","volume":"36","author":"Nahler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceut. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib81","series-title":"FDA Approves First Drug Derived from Marijuana","year":"2018"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib82","first-page":"1","article-title":"Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: a comprehensive literature review","volume":"19","author":"Newcomer","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib83","unstructured":"Opposite Effects of \u0394-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Human Brain Function and Psychopathology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000659","article-title":"Use of cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of cognitive impairment in psychiatric and neurological illness: a narrative review","volume":"31","author":"Ortiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib85","first-page":"638","article-title":"Schizophrenia: overview and treatment options","volume":"39","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"P T"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib86","article-title":"The association between cannabis use and schizophrenia: causative or curative? A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107360","article-title":"Cannabidiol in the context of substance use disorder treatment: a systematic review","volume":"132","author":"Paulus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00303","article-title":"Cannabidiol, among other cannabinoid drugs, modulates prepulse inhibition of startle in the SHR animal model: implications for schizophrenia pharmacotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Peres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2174\/1574886314666190301152734","article-title":"Positive and negative effects of antipsychotic medication: an international online survey of 832 recipients","volume":"14","author":"Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743717720448","article-title":"Guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia in adults","volume":"62","author":"Remington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104749","article-title":"Cannabidiol attenuates behavioral changes in a rodent model of schizophrenia through 5-HT1A, but not CB1 and CB2 receptors","volume":"156","author":"Rodrigues da Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5141","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212802884690","article-title":"Antipsychotic-like effects of cannabidiol and rimonabant: systematic review of animal and human studies","volume":"18","author":"Roser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmaceut. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib93","volume":"1","author":"Rubio","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2409-8","article-title":"Medicinal cannabis for psychiatric disorders: a clinically-focused systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Sarris","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.04.017","article-title":"Cannabis with high cannabidiol content is associated with fewer psychotic experiences","volume":"130","author":"Schubart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e920","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.195","article-title":"Cannabidiol is a partial agonist at dopamine D2High receptors, predicting its antipsychotic clinical dose","volume":"6","author":"Seeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113203","article-title":"Cannabidiol (CBD) as a promising anti-cancer drug","volume":"12","author":"Seltzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18150","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113444108","article-title":"The major central endocannabinoid directly acts at GABA(A) receptors","volume":"108","author":"Sigel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25215186","article-title":"Molecular targets of cannabidiol in experimental models of neurological disease","volume":"25","author":"Silvestro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8825358","article-title":"Emerging therapeutic potential of cannabidiol (CBD) in neurological disorders: a comprehensive review","volume":"2023","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.2174\/1574886317666220902100511","article-title":"Current cannabidiol safety: a review","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.177261","article-title":"Clozapine v. first- and second-generation antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"209","author":"Siskind","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.11.035","article-title":"Peripubertal cannabidiol treatment rescues behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities in the MAM model of schizophrenia","volume":"146","author":"Stark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114004","article-title":"Altered dopamine D3 receptor gene expression in MAM model of schizophrenia is reversed by peripubertal cannabidiol treatment","volume":"177","author":"Stark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105938","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids and schizophrenia: focus on adolescence as a critical window of enhanced vulnerability and opportunity for treatment","volume":"174","author":"Stark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.05.028","article-title":"Definition and description of schizophrenia in the DSM-5","volume":"150","author":"Tandon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.011","article-title":"GABA abnormalities in schizophrenia: a methodological review of in vivo studies","volume":"167","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib109","series-title":"The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry","author":"Taylor","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00617-3","article-title":"Correction to: a phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Single ascending dose, Multiple Dose, and food effect trial of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of highly purified cannabidiol in healthy subjects","volume":"33","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2011.00049","article-title":"The dopamine and cannabinoid interaction in the modulation of emotions and cognition: assessing the role of cannabinoid CB1 receptor in neurons expressing dopamine D1 receptors","volume":"5","author":"Terzian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12561","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor type 1 receptors on GABAergic vs. glutamatergic neurons differentially gate sex\u2010dependent social interest in mice","volume":"40","author":"Terzian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61817-6","article-title":"Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"373","author":"Thornicroft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212923","article-title":"Effects of cannabis in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Urbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60995-8","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"374","author":"van Os","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1387","article-title":"A review of human studies assessing cannabidiol's (CBD) therapeutic actions and potential","volume":"59","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106060967","article-title":"Cannabidiol monotherapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"20","author":"Zuardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2006000400001","article-title":"Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug","volume":"39","author":"Zuardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108096519","article-title":"Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease","volume":"23","author":"Zuardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299924005107?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299924005107?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T20:48:28Z","timestamp":1723668508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299924005107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["S0014299924005107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Investigating Cannabidiol's potential as a supplementary treatment for schizophrenia: A narrative review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176821","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"176821"}}