{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T17:31:08Z","timestamp":1793035868019,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T03:45:41Z","timestamp":1724471141000},"page":"176936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Beyond insulin: The Intriguing role of GLP-1 in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"982","author":[{"given":"Aanchal","family":"Verma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahsas","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13087","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of vildagliptin in rat rotenone Parkinson's disease model: role of RAGE-NF\u03baB and Nrf2-antioxidant signaling pathways","volume":"133","author":"Abdelsalam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.10.001","article-title":"Insulin resistance and Parkinson's disease: a new target for disease modification?","volume":"145\u2013146","author":"Athauda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.01.013","article-title":"The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP) receptor as a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease: mechanisms of action","volume":"21","author":"Athauda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31585-4","article-title":"Exenatide once weekly versus placebo in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Athauda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181329","article-title":"What effects might exenatide have on non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a post hoc analysis","volume":"8","author":"Athauda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4304","article-title":"Utility of neuronal-derived exosomes to examine molecular mechanisms that affect motor function in patients with Parkinson disease: a secondary analysis of the exenatide-PD trial","volume":"76","author":"Athauda","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14096","article-title":"Post hoc analysis of the exenatide-PD trial-Factors that predict response","volume":"49","author":"Athauda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68295","article-title":"Exenatide and the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"123","author":"Aviles-Olmos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-140364","article-title":"Motor and cognitive advantages persist 12 months after exenatide exposure in Parkinson's disease","volume":"4","author":"Aviles-Olmos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0331-6","article-title":"Sitagliptin and liraglutide reversed nigrostriatal degeneration of rodent brain in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease","volume":"25","author":"Badawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.054","article-title":"Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP","volume":"132","author":"Baggio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1175-8","article-title":"Urate inhibits microglia activation to protect neurons in an LPS-induced model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113693","article-title":"An extended release GLP-1 analogue increases \u03b1-synuclein accumulation in a mouse model of prodromal Parkinson's disease","volume":"341","author":"Bergkvist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21483","article-title":"Peptide hormone exendin-4 stimulates subventricular zone neurogenesis in the adult rodent brain and induces recovery in an animal model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"86","author":"Bertilsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01018-5","article-title":"Neuroprotection of exendin-4 by enhanced autophagy in a Parkinsonian rat model of \u03b1-synucleinopathy","volume":"18","author":"Bu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000548","article-title":"A novel dual GLP-1 and GIP incretin receptor agonist is neuroprotective in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease by reducing chronic inflammation in the brain","volume":"27","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-021-00879-1","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of liraglutide against inflammation through the AMPK\/NF-\u03baB pathway in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"37","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010012","article-title":"Galangin reduces the loss of dopaminergic neurons in an LPS-evoked model of Parkinson's disease in rats","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191900","article-title":"The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Cheong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.005682","article-title":"Nonconventional glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist and antagonist interplay at the GLP-1 receptor revealed in high-throughput FRET assays for cAMP","volume":"294","author":"Chepurny","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005482","article-title":"Striatal neuroinflammation promotes Parkinsonism in rats","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.05.023","article-title":"Alterations in lysosomal and proteasomal markers in Parkinson's disease: relationship to alpha-synuclein inclusions","volume":"35","author":"Chu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2012.04.005","article-title":"Intestinal dysmotility and enteric neurochemical changes in a Parkinson's disease rat model","volume":"169","author":"Colucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)68261-4","article-title":"Glucagon gene expression in vertebrate brain","volume":"263","author":"Drucker","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.10.045","article-title":"The incretin analogue D-Ala2GIP reduces plaque load, astrogliosis and oxidative stress in an APP\/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"228","author":"Duffy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt174","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of D-Ala(2)GIP on Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in an APP\/PS1 mouse model","volume":"5","author":"Faivre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30299-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"16","author":"Feigin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.02.012","article-title":"Two novel dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonists are neuroprotective in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"133","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.01.023","article-title":"Behavioral and immunohistochemical effects of chronic intravenous and subcutaneous infusions of varying doses of rotenone","volume":"187","author":"Fleming","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00255","article-title":"Association between autophagy and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"12","author":"Fujikake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2018.05.002","article-title":"mTOR\/AMPK signaling in the brain: cell metabolism, proteostasis and survival","volume":"8","author":"Garza-Lomb\u00f3","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.11.017","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists show neuroprotective effects in animal models of diabetes","volume":"100","author":"Gault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01361-5","article-title":"Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide analogues and their therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity-diabetes","volume":"308","author":"Gault","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4784268","article-title":"Linking neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease","volume":"2018","author":"Gelders","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14415","article-title":"Naringenin: a prospective therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease","volume":"46","author":"Goyal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2022.104846","article-title":"The PI3K-AKT pathway: a plausible therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease","volume":"129","author":"Goyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14210","article-title":"Therapeutic implications of crocin in Parkinson's disease: a review of preclinical research","volume":"101","author":"Goyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23619","article-title":"Luteolin: nature's promising warrior against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease","volume":"38","author":"Goyal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01112","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1: a focus on neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"13","author":"Grieco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8208","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c01856","article-title":"A small-molecule oral agonist of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor","volume":"65","author":"Griffith","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-19","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor stimulation reverses key deficits in distinct rodent models of Parkinson's disease","volume":"5","author":"Harkavyi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/407152","article-title":"Neuroprotection by exendin-4 is GLP-1 receptor specific but da d3 receptor dependent, causing altered BrdU incorporation in subventricular zone and substantia nigra","volume":"2013","author":"Harkavyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2015.06.011","article-title":"The 6-hydroxydopamine model and parkinsonian pathophysiology: novel findings in an older model","volume":"32","author":"Hernandez-Baltazar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.2165\/11635890-000000000-00000","article-title":"Potential role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in neuroprotection","volume":"26","author":"Hlscher","year":"2012","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15508","article-title":"Protective properties of GLP-1 and associated peptide hormones in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"179","author":"H\u00f6lscher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-011-9331-x","article-title":"Selective autophagy in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in aging organisms","volume":"13","author":"Hubbard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7531","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.14.7531","article-title":"Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB is increased in dopaminergic neurons of patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"94","author":"Hunot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04440.x","article-title":"Neurodegeneration of mouse nigrostriatal dopaminergic system induced by repeated oral administration of rotenone is prevented by 4-phenylbutyrate, a chemical chaperone","volume":"101","author":"Inden","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13736","article-title":"Novel incretin analogues improve autophagy and protect from mitochondrial stress induced by rotenone in SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"139","author":"Jalewa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.02.013","article-title":"A novel GLP-1\/GIP dual receptor agonist protects from 6-OHDA lesion in a rat model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"117","author":"Jalewa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.09.035","article-title":"A novel dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist is neuroprotective in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease by increasing expression of BNDF","volume":"1634","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.04.006","article-title":"Microglial phenotypes in Parkinson's disease and animal models of the disease","volume":"155","author":"Joers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-276","article-title":"GLP-1 secretion by microglial cells and decreased CNS expression in obesity","volume":"9","author":"Kappe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12464","article-title":"Neural effects of gut- and brain-derived glucagon-like peptide-1 and its receptor agonist","volume":"7","author":"Katsurada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-09-0132","article-title":"Exendin-4 protects dopaminergic neurons by inhibition of microglial activation and matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression in an animal model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"202","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0550-2","article-title":"Activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor promotes neuroprotection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by reducing neuroinflammatory responses","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806720106","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor stimulation preserves primary cortical and dopaminergic neurons in cellular and rodent models of stroke and Parkinsonism","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06731.x","article-title":"Enhancing the GLP-1 receptor signaling pathway leads to proliferation and neuroprotection in human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib61","article-title":"Exendin-4 ameliorates motor neuron degeneration in cellular and animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.11.050","article-title":"D-Ala2-GIP-glu-PAL is neuroprotective in a chronic Parkinson's disease mouse model and increases BNDF expression while reducing neuroinflammation and lipid peroxidation","volume":"797","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.697440","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist ameliorates 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxicity through enhancing mitophagy flux and reducing \u03b1-synuclein and oxidative stress","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib64","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide animal models for Parkinson's disease","volume":"2011","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.06.054","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of lixisenatide and liraglutide in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"303","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2231","article-title":"The GLP-1\/GIP dual-receptor agonist DA5-CH inhibits the NF-\u03baB inflammatory pathway in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease more effectively than the GLP-1 single-receptor agonist NLY01","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.02.030","article-title":"Long-term liraglutide ameliorates nigrostriatal impairment via regulating AMPK\/PGC-1a signaling in diabetic mice","volume":"1714","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1021\/cn300145z","article-title":"Rotenone inhibits autophagic flux prior to inducing cell death","volume":"3","author":"Mader","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5596","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15045596","article-title":"Transcriptional analysis of apoptotic cerebellar granule neurons following rescue by gastric inhibitory polypeptide","volume":"15","author":"Maino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0799","article-title":"Exendin-4 improves glycemic control, ameliorates brain and pancreatic pathologies, and extends survival in a mouse model of Huntington's disease","volume":"58","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib71","first-page":"CD012990","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists for Parkinson's disease","volume":"7","author":"Mulvaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.10.007","article-title":"Saxagliptin: a novel antiparkinsonian approach","volume":"89","author":"Nassar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(87)90299-2","article-title":"MPTP, MPP+ and mitochondrial function","volume":"40","author":"Nicklas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4920-04.2005","article-title":"Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is expressed in adult hippocampus and induces progenitor cell proliferation","volume":"25","author":"Nyberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.08.013","article-title":"AMPK activation: role in the signaling pathways of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"298","author":"Peixoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104821","article-title":"Pathological remodelling of colonic wall following dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurodegeneration","volume":"139","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07476.x","article-title":"The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model: a tool to explore the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease","volume":"991","author":"Przedborski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2009","article-title":"Regulation of mammalian autophagy in physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"90","author":"Ravikumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70327-7","article-title":"Mitochondria in the aetiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease","volume":"7","author":"Schapira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.04.010","article-title":"GLP-1: molecular mechanisms and outcomes of a complex signaling system","volume":"128","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.05.022","article-title":"Alteration of autophagosomal proteins (LC3, GABARAP and GATE-16) in Lewy body disease","volume":"43","author":"Tanji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.11.004","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: its role in neuronal death and implications for therapeutic intervention","volume":"37","author":"Tansey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-171068","article-title":"Exendin-4 treatment improves LPS-induced depressive-like behavior without affecting pro-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"7","author":"Ventorp","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.03.059","article-title":"Effect of D-Ala2GIP, a stable GIP receptor agonist on MPTP-induced neuronal impairments in mice","volume":"804","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14426","article-title":"Exendin-4: a potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease","volume":"103","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2813-2","article-title":"Molecular basis of dopamine replacement therapy and its side effects in Parkinson's disease","volume":"373","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4229","article-title":"Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ameliorates mild traumatic brain injury-induced cognitive and sensorimotor deficits and neuroinflammation in rats","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.06.029","article-title":"A novel GLP-1\/GIP dual agonist is more effective than liraglutide in reducing inflammation and enhancing GDNF release in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"812","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0051-5","article-title":"Block of A1 astrocyte conversion by microglia is neuroprotective in models of Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Yun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.07.021","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of (Val8)GLP-1-Glu-PAL in the MPTP Parkinson's disease mouse model","volume":"293","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2018.07.003","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of the novel GLP-1 long acting analogue semaglutide in the MPTP Parkinson's disease mouse model","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181503","article-title":"Semaglutide is neuroprotective and reduces \u03b1-synuclein levels in the chronic MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191768","article-title":"The novel dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonist DA-CH5 is superior to single GLP-1 receptor agonists in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.303045","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1\/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide dual receptor agonist DA-CH5 is superior to exendin-4 in protecting neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat Parkinson model","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1428817","article-title":"DA5-CH and semaglutide protect against neurodegeneration and reduce \u03b1-synuclein levels in the 6-OHDA Parkinson's disease rat model","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-015-0194-3","article-title":"Acute hemodynamic and renal effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 analog and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in rats","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299924006253?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299924006253?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T23:06:08Z","timestamp":1726268768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299924006253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["S0014299924006253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Beyond insulin: The Intriguing role of GLP-1 in Parkinson's disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176936","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"176936"}}