{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:14:31Z","timestamp":1781666071741,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002660","name":"Islamic Azad University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T16:21:47Z","timestamp":1737822107000},"page":"177303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Carvacrol attenuates varicocele-induced infertility in rats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"991","author":[{"given":"Elham","family":"Ghahreman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6673-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akram","family":"Eidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pejman","family":"Mortazavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Asghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2087-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Asle-Rousta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.07.053","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of varicocele and infertility","volume":"73","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21816","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of carvacrol on cisplatin\u2010induced reproductive damage in male rats","volume":"30","author":"Aksu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.180028","article-title":"Superoxide anion production by the spermatozoa of men with varicocele: relationship with varicocele grade and semen parameters","volume":"36","author":"Alkan","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Mens Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00311-6","article-title":"Increased sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men with varicocele: relationship with apoptosis, seminal oxidative stress, and spermatic parameters","volume":"28","author":"Ammar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib5","first-page":"100","article-title":"Protective effect of carvacrol on ketamine induced testicular damage in mouse model of schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Araghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Herbmed. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.01009.x","article-title":"Aquaporin-9 immunohistochemistry in varicocele testes as a consequence of hypoxia in the sperm production site","volume":"43","author":"Arena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.20355","article-title":"Protective effect of carvacrol on oxidative stress and cellular DNA damage induced by UVB irradiation in human peripheral lymphocytes","volume":"29","author":"Aristatile","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib8","series-title":"National Research Council. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2762","article-title":"Lycopene improves testicular damage and sperm quality in experimentally induced varicocele: relationship with apoptosis, hypoxia, and hyperthermia","volume":"10","author":"Babaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.47162\/RJME.62.1.17","article-title":"Carvacrol treatment opens Kir6.2 ATP-dependent potassium channels and prevents apoptosis on rat testis following ischemia-reperfusion injury model","volume":"62","author":"Balci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110835","article-title":"Carvacrol inhibits cadmium toxicity through combating against caspase dependent\/independent apoptosis in PC12 cells","volume":"134","author":"Banik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208786404227","article-title":"Biological and pharmacological activities of carvacrol and carvacrol bearing essential oils","volume":"14","author":"Baser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib13","first-page":"3641","article-title":"Molecular and other predictors for infertility in patients with varicoceles","volume":"14","author":"Benoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev214","article-title":"The impact of oxidative stress on chaperone-mediated human sperm-egg interaction","volume":"30","author":"Bromfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2020.1.85","article-title":"Effect of varicocele and its treatment on testosterone in hypogonadal men with varicocele: review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"\u00c7ayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Balkan Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.03.013","article-title":"Knockout of the transcription factor Nrf2: effects on testosterone production by aging mouse Leydig cells","volume":"409","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070897","article-title":"The multifaceted role of aquaporin-9 in health and its potential as a clinical biomarker","volume":"12","author":"da Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1245049","article-title":"Role of ROS and RNS sources in physiological and pathological conditions","volume":"2016","author":"Di Meo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031315","article-title":"Evaluation of the antioxidant properties of carvacrol as a prospective replacement for crude essential oils and synthetic antioxidants in food storage","volume":"28","author":"Ebhohimen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)36428-7","article-title":"Testicular changes in subfertile males with varicocele","volume":"18","author":"Etriby","year":"1967","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.210153","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: a comprehensive review of biochemical, molecular, and genetic aspects in the pathogenesis and management of varicocele","volume":"40","author":"Finelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Mens Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3109\/01485018608986929","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of Leydig cells in testicular biopsies of men with varicocele","volume":"16","author":"Francavilla","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713526","article-title":"Positive effects of the nutraceutical association of lycopene and selenium in experimental varicocele","volume":"24","author":"Freni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.171657","article-title":"An update on the role of medical treatment including antioxidant therapy in varicocele","volume":"18","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2010.00609.x","article-title":"Bioassay-guided evaluation of antioxidant and antinociceptive activities of carvacrol","volume":"107","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23762","article-title":"Carvacrol reduces abnormal and dead sperm counts by attenuating sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in the testicular tissues of rats","volume":"38","author":"Gur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2018.1476979","article-title":"Effects of thymol and carvacrol on sperm quality and oxidant\/antioxidant balance in rats","volume":"125","author":"G\u00fcven\u00e7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02820.x","article-title":"Cell specificity of aquaporins 0, 3, and 10 expressed in the testis, efferent ducts, and epididymis of adult rats","volume":"25","author":"Hermo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00441582","article-title":"Histological findings in testes with varicocele during childhood and their therapeutic consequences","volume":"133","author":"Hienz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2994","article-title":"Therapeutic application of carvacrol: a comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Imran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib31","first-page":"2","article-title":"Testicular biopsy score count--a method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes: normal values and results in 335 hypogonadal males","volume":"1","author":"Johnsen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Hormones (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.102160","article-title":"Role of aquaporin 9 in hyperglycaemia-induced testicular leydig cell apoptosis","volume":"34","author":"Kannan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2022.2033350","article-title":"Aquaporin 9 regulates Leydig cell steroidogenesis in diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Kannan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2736-9","article-title":"The ameliorative effect of monotropein, astragalin, and spiraeoside on oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial signaling pathway in varicocelized rats","volume":"2019","author":"Karna","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9231","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239231","article-title":"Gui-A-Gra attenuates testicular dysfunction in varicocele induced rats via oxidative stress, ER stress and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway","volume":"21","author":"Karna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod61.3.809","article-title":"Chromosome analysis of BALB\/c mouse spermatozoa with normal and abnormal head morphology","volume":"61","author":"Kishikawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib37","series-title":"Manual on Basic Semen Analysis. ESHRE Monographs","author":"Kvist","year":"2002"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1590\/s1677-5538.ibju.2024.9917","article-title":"From pathophysiology to practice: addressing oxidative stress and sperm DNA fragmentation in varicocele-affected subfertile men","volume":"50","author":"Lira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Braz J. Urol."},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.11.005","article-title":"Genotoxicity evaluation of carvacrol in rats using a combined micronucleus and comet assay","volume":"98","author":"Llana-Ruiz-Cabello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-018-9569-x","article-title":"Carvacrol and its derivatives as antibacterial agents","volume":"17","author":"Marinelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.05.093","article-title":"Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents","volume":"178","author":"Marinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.64.81","article-title":"Immunolocalization of aquaporin-9 in rat hepatocytes and Leydig cells","volume":"64","author":"Nihei","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Histol. Cytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.09.012","article-title":"Identification and verification of hub microRNAs in varicocele rats through high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis","volume":"98","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.12.060","article-title":"Carvacrol attenuates histopathogic and functional impairments induced by bilateral renal ischemia\/reperfusion in rats","volume":"98","author":"Ozturk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib45","article-title":"Positive effects of the nutraceutical association of lycopene and selenium in experimental varicocele","volume":"24","author":"Pallio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib46","series-title":"Varicocele and Male Infertility","article-title":"Anatomic theories of varicocele origin","author":"Parekh","year":"2019"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122665","article-title":"Regulation of aquaporin functional properties mediated by the antioxidant effects of natural compounds","volume":"18","author":"Pellavio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29102277","article-title":"Carvacrol and thymol hybrids: potential anticancer and antibacterial therapeutics","volume":"29","author":"Peter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.029","article-title":"Phytocompounds modulating aquaporins: clinical benefits are anticipated","volume":"274","author":"Portincasa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6698482","article-title":"Deferasirox, an iron-chelating agent, improves testicular morphometric and sperm functional parameters in a rat model of varicocele","volume":"2021","author":"Rahmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod36.4.933","article-title":"Inhibition of testicular testosterone biosynthesis following experimental varicocele in rats","volume":"36","author":"Rajfer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.08.023","article-title":"Biological activity of plant-based carvacrol and thymol and their impact on human health and food quality","volume":"116","author":"Rathod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13581","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of male infertility","volume":"53","author":"Ritchie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23844","article-title":"Potential hazards of bisphenol A on the male reproductive system: induction of programmed cell death in testicular cells","volume":"38","author":"Sadek","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2645237","article-title":"Protective effects of carvacrol against oxidative stress induced by chronic stress in rat's brain, liver, and kidney","volume":"2016","author":"Samarghandian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Res. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e442","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa781","article-title":"Male infertility due to testicular disorders","volume":"106","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.02982.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of varicocele in male infertility in the era of assisted reproductive technology","volume":"19","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.05.027","article-title":"Effects of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a marker of oxidative stress, on spermatogenesis and expression of p53 protein in male infertility","volume":"178","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.054","article-title":"The ameliorative effect of carvacrol on oxidative stress and germ cell apoptosis in testicular tissue of adult diabetic rats","volume":"111","author":"Shoorei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327120909525","article-title":"Evaluation of carvacrol on pituitary and sexual hormones and their receptors in the testicle of male diabetic rats","volume":"39","author":"Shoorei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-04022-2","article-title":"Carvacrol reduces mercuric chloride-induced testicular toxicity by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and histopathological changes","volume":"202","author":"\u015eim\u015fek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1159\/000464051","article-title":"Leydig cell in idiopathic varicocele","volume":"17","author":"Sirvent","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.1.112","article-title":"The adolescent varicocele: what's new with an old problem in young patients?","volume":"100","author":"Skoog","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.653458","article-title":"The bioactivity and toxicological actions of carvacrol","volume":"55","author":"Suntres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216391","article-title":"The role and place of antioxidants in the treatment of male infertility caused by varicocele","volume":"11","author":"Szyma\u0144ski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/RAF-23-0024","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in male infertility","volume":"4","author":"Takalani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2018.00030","article-title":"Aquaporins as targets of dietary bioactive phytocompounds","volume":"5","author":"Tesse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24737","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.38.24737","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a broad selectivity neutral solute channel","volume":"273","author":"Tsukaguchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.1.78","article-title":"The study of varicocele through the use of animal models","volume":"7","author":"Turner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2023.108456","article-title":"Carvacrol showed a curative effect on reproductive toxicity caused by Bisphenol AF via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties","volume":"121","author":"Uyar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2015.47","article-title":"Curcumin attenuates brain edema in mice with intracerebral hemorrhage through inhibition of AQP4 and AQP9 expression","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib72","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in varicocele","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54075-8","article-title":"Study of bilateral histology and meiotic analysis in men undergoing varicocele ligation","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)43517-X","article-title":"Quantitation of Leydig cells in testicular biopsies of oligospermic men with varicocele","volume":"30","author":"Weiss","year":"1978","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib75","series-title":"World Health Organization Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2021.695992","article-title":"Varicocele-associated infertility and the role of oxidative stress on sperm DNA fragmentation","volume":"3","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Reprod. Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4425","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.11.4425","article-title":"Chemical induction of sperm abnormalities in mice","volume":"72","author":"Wyrobek","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299925000561?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299925000561?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T05:47:12Z","timestamp":1740462432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299925000561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S0014299925000561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Carvacrol attenuates varicocele-induced infertility in rats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177303","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"177303"}}