{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T09:36:21Z","timestamp":1793784981401,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T16:01:49Z","timestamp":1739635309000},"page":"177386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Exploring the landscape of pharmacology education in Health Professions Programs: From historical perspectives to current approaches to teaching"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"994","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9468-3361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana Caetano","family":"Crowley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5158-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Restini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Rieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib1","article-title":"A scoping review of artificial intelligence within pharmacy education","volume":"88","author":"Abdel Aziz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharmaceut. Educ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.183264","article-title":"Knowledge of healthcare professionals about medication errors in hospitals","volume":"7","author":"Abdel-Latif","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Pharm."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2013.10.008","article-title":"A multi-disciplinary approach to medication safety and the implication for nursing education and practice","volume":"34","author":"Adhikari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib4","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Pharmacology teaching in dental education in India: time for a reappraisal","volume":"29","author":"Akram","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Population Therapeutics Clin. Pharmacol. = Journal De La Therapeutique Des Populations Et De La Pharmacologie Clinique"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.46542\/pe.2021.211.276282","article-title":"Impact of using debates in a pharmacoeconomic course on students' self-reported perceptions of skills acquired","volume":"21","author":"Alaqeel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5324\/njsteme.v7i1.4934","article-title":"Introducing Debate as a pedagogical tool in pharmacy education","volume":"7","author":"Alfarah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nordic J. STEM Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05609-6","article-title":"Evaluating competency-based medical education: a systematized review of current practices","volume":"24","author":"Alharbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2024.102028","article-title":"Virtual reality in experiential pharmacy education: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"32","author":"Alkhudair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038955","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence and the personalization of health professional education: a narrative review","volume":"103","author":"Almansour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.12688\/mep.18940.2","article-title":"A systematic review of effective quality feedback measurement tools used in clinical skills assessment","volume":"12","author":"Alsahafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedEdPublish"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S359704","article-title":"A new vision of teaching clinical pharmacology and therapeutics for undergraduate medical students","volume":"13","author":"Alsanosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Educ. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib12","unstructured":"American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), 2025. https:\/\/www.apta.org\/your-practice\/licensure\/pt-and-pta-licensure. Accessed in Jan-10-2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_163_19","article-title":"Effectiveness of flipped classroom as a teaching-learning method among undergraduate medical students\u2014an interventional study","volume":"8","author":"Angadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.449","article-title":"Medical simulation in pharmacology learning and retention: a comparison study with traditional teaching in undergraduate medical students","volume":"7","author":"Arcoraci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"issue":"101548923","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib15","article-title":"Blended learning in nursing pharmacology: elevating cognitive skills, engagement and academic outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Arien-Zakay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V37N3p204","article-title":"Seeing the wood for the trees: approaches to teaching and assessing clinical pharmacology and therapeutics in a problem-based learning course","volume":"37","author":"Azer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib17","first-page":"9","article-title":"Health care professional development: working as a team to improve patient care","volume":"14","author":"Babiker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sudanese J. Paediatrics"},{"issue":"4008","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4008.876","article-title":"Pharmacology in the curriculum","volume":"2","author":"Bakhsh","year":"1937","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1549","article-title":"Digital learning to improve safe and effective prescribing: a systematic review","volume":"106","author":"Bakkum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.13386","article-title":"Back from basics: integration of science and practice in medical education","volume":"52","author":"Bandiera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Educ."},{"issue":"phc, 8907422","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib21","article-title":"Beyond lectures and practical courses: teaching pharmacology using imaginative pedagogical tools","volume":"202","author":"Banos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270003254794","article-title":"Reducing medication errors and increasing patient safety: case studies in clinical pharmacology","volume":"43","author":"Benjamin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/1715163515588106","article-title":"Interprofessional collaboration in health care: lessons to be learned from competitive sports","volume":"148","author":"Bosch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. Pharm. J.\/Revue Des Pharmaciens Du Canada"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590902922904","article-title":"Case method teaching: an effective approach to integrate the basic and clinical sciences in the preclinical medical curriculum","volume":"31","author":"Bowe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2014.970998","article-title":"The integrated curriculum in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 96","volume":"37","author":"Brauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-03027-3","article-title":"Switching from a traditional undergraduate programme in (clinical) pharmacology and therapeutics to a problem-based learning programme","volume":"77","author":"Brinkman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.962","article-title":"Key learning outcomes for clinical pharmacology and therapeutics education in europe: a modified delphi study","volume":"104","author":"Brinkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.682","article-title":"Pharmacology and therapeutics education in the European union needs harmonization and modernization: a cross-sectional survey among 185 medical schools in 27 countries","volume":"102","author":"Brinkman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30286-3","article-title":"Competency-based medical education: the wave of the future","volume":"37","author":"Caccia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-023-01779-y","article-title":"The effectiveness of a journal club for improving evidence-based medicine skills and confidence in pre-clerkship medical students","volume":"33","author":"Cahill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Educator"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-021-00608-0","article-title":"The objective structured clinical examination as an assessment strategy for clinical competence in novice nursing practitioners in Taiwan","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib32","article-title":"An interactive process for delivering pharmacologic interventions for migraine headache to first-year medical students","volume":"16","author":"Cleveland","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedEdPORTAL: The J. Teaching and Learning Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib34","article-title":"Teaching pediatric palliative care communication skills to fourth-year medical students through role-play","volume":"16","author":"Cowfer","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedEdPORTAL: The J. Teaching and Learning Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00392-8","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in higher education: the state of the field","volume":"20","author":"Crompton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. Higher Education"},{"issue":"7647","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib36","first-page":"777","article-title":"The Yellow emperor's classic of internal medicine","volume":"336","author":"Curran","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001323","article-title":"Fostering the development of master adaptive learners: a conceptual model to guide skill acquisition in medical education","volume":"92","author":"Cutrer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Med.: J. Asso. American Med. Colleges"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2017.05.021","article-title":"Using simplistic simulations to enhance learning in a nephrology pharmacotherapeutics module","volume":"9","author":"Dang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacy Teaching and Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.22454\/FamMed.2021.453158","article-title":"Implementing competency-based medical education in family medicine: a narrative review of current trends in assessment","volume":"53","author":"Danilovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fam. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05157-z","article-title":"\u201cPharmacotrophy\u201d: a playful tournament for game and team-based learning in pharmacology education assessing its impact on students' performance","volume":"24","author":"Delage","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00174.2017","article-title":"Involving a real patient in the design and implementation of case-based learning to engage learners","volume":"42","author":"Dickinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155220940395","article-title":"Use of active learning and simulation to teach pharmacy students order verification and patient education best practices with oral oncolytic therapies","volume":"27","author":"Duffy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib43","first-page":"S25","article-title":"Blended learning for reinforcing dental pharmacology in the clinical years: a qualitative analysis","volume":"48","author":"Eachempati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05820-5","article-title":"Curriculum, competency development, and assessment methods of MSc and PhD pharmacy programs: a scoping review","volume":"24","author":"ElKhalifa","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.06.032","article-title":"Pharmacology education: reflections and challenges","volume":"833","author":"Engels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270003251116","article-title":"A model of pharmacology education: the experience of istanbul medical faculty","volume":"43","author":"Ero\u011flu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3367","DOI":"10.1002\/rev3.3367","article-title":"Online education viewed through an equity lens: promoting engagement and success for all learners","volume":"10","author":"Farley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1178","article-title":"Pharmacology education in the medical curriculum: challenges and opportunities for improvement","volume":"12","author":"Fasinu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1178","article-title":"Pharmacology education in the medical curriculum: challenges and opportunities for improvement","volume":"12","author":"Fasinu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181c88b09","article-title":"Flexner revisited: the role and value of the basic sciences in medical education","volume":"85","author":"Finnerty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib51","first-page":"226","article-title":"On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. Influenz\u00e6","volume":"10","author":"Fleming","year":"1929","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"issue":"810","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1126\/science.32.810.41","article-title":"Medical education in the United States and Canada","volume":"32","author":"Flexner","year":"1910","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.4236\/ojn.2017.78068","article-title":"Teaching clinical pharmacology to undergraduate nursing students: barriers and strategies","volume":"7","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open J. Nurs."},{"issue":"1283","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1283.209","article-title":"An address delivered at the opening of the section of pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"2","author":"Fraser","year":"1885","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319030111","article-title":"Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics","volume":"111","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0b013e3182163993","article-title":"Beyond the classroom: using technology to meet the educational needs of multigenerational perinatal nurses","volume":"25","author":"Gallo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Neonatal Nurs."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04178.x","article-title":"Medication review and reconciliation with cooperation between pharmacist and general practitioner and the benefit for the patient: a systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Geurts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2018.11.017","article-title":"Best practices for teaching pharmacology to undergraduate nursing students: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"74","author":"Gill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2024.2302602","article-title":"The future of pharmacology education: a global outlook","volume":"17","author":"Guilding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expet Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16222","article-title":"Defining and unpacking the core concepts of pharmacology: a global initiative","volume":"181","author":"Guilding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.13344","article-title":"Process and outcome evaluation of a CBME intervention guided by program theory","volume":"26","author":"Hamza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2015.09.001","article-title":"Surveying the experiences and perceptions of undergraduate nursing students of a flipped classroom approach to increase understanding of drug science and its application to clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Hanson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4103\/JPBS.JPBS_135_18","article-title":"Case-based learning: our experience in clinical pharmacology teaching","volume":"11","author":"Hasamnis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. BioAllied Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib64","article-title":"The prescription talk\u2014an approach to teach patient-physician conversation about drug prescription to medical students","volume":"34","author":"Hauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"GMS J. Med. Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy10010028","article-title":"Reflective practice: Co-creating reflective activities for pharmacy students","volume":"10","author":"Hokanson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacy"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003922","article-title":"Examining the educational value of student-run clinics for health care students","volume":"96","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad. Med.: J. Asso. American Med. Colleges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib67","first-page":"1238","article-title":"The clinical problem-based learning (PBL) approach for the effective delivery of pharmacology courses","volume":"11","author":"Jadhav","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Coastal Life Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.157131","article-title":"Effective use of real-life events as tools for teaching-learning clinical pharmacology in a problem-based learning curriculum","volume":"47","author":"James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2021.11.029","article-title":"Use of journal clubs and book clubs in pharmacy education: a scoping review","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacy Teaching and Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3946\/kjme.2020.161","article-title":"The effectiveness of interprofessional education programs for medical, nursing, and pharmacy students","volume":"32","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Med. Education"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003291","article-title":"Educational interventions to improve prescribing competency: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Kamarudin","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/13289","article-title":"Learning and clinical reasoning experience of second-year medical pharmacology students and teachers with virtual patients developed using OpenLabyrinth","volume":"20","author":"Kamath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronic J. General Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe776125","article-title":"Student engagement in pharmacology courses using online learning tools","volume":"77","author":"Karaksha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharmaceut. Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31827c083d","article-title":"Creating a virtual pharmacology curriculum in a problem-based learning environment: one medical school's experience","volume":"88","author":"Karpa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12575","article-title":"Implementation of the WHO-6-step method in the medical curriculum to improve pharmacology knowledge and pharmacotherapy skills","volume":"79","author":"Keijsers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib76","article-title":"Learning medical pharmacology through role-playing method","volume":"25","author":"Khosravi Larijani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Babol University of Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1190672","article-title":"Pedagogical interventions and their influences on university-level students learning pharmacology-a realist review","volume":"8","author":"Khurshid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.43411","article-title":"Impact of virtual reality on pharmacology education: a pilot study","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.25259\/IJPP_30_2023","article-title":"Perspectives of medical undergraduate students toward self-directed learning","volume":"68","author":"Kiran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe80233","article-title":"Impact of flipped classroom design on student performance and perceptions in a pharmacotherapy course","volume":"80","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharmaceut. Educ."},{"issue":"5 Suppl. A","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3A","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80457-5","article-title":"The foxglove, \u201cThe old woman from Shropshire\u201d and William Withering","volume":"5","author":"Krikler","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000896","article-title":"Cause and effect: testing a mechanism and method for the cognitive integration of basic","volume":"90","author":"Kulasegaram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Academic Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.193311","article-title":"Role-play as an educational tool in medication communication skills: students' perspectives","volume":"48","author":"Lavanya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-018-0441-X","article-title":"On learning in the clinical environment","volume":"7","author":"Liljedahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspectives on Med. Educ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-016-0268-2","article-title":"Exploring cognitive integration of basic science and its effect on diagnostic reasoning in novices","volume":"5","author":"Lisk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspectives on Med. Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1363459312447257","article-title":"Medication communication during ward rounds on medical wards: power relations and spatial practices","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health: An Int. J. Social Study of Health, Illness and Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04565-x","article-title":"Improving self-directed learning ability of medical students using the blended teaching method: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy12030091","article-title":"Using team-based learning to teach pharmacology within the medical curriculum","volume":"12","author":"Luitjes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2023.2197135","article-title":"Online learning in health professions education. Part 1: teaching and learning in online environments: AMEE guide No. 161","volume":"46","author":"MacNeill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-13-139","article-title":"Retention of knowledge and perceived relevance of basic sciences in an integrated case-based learning (CBL) curriculum","volume":"13","author":"Malau-Aduli","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2023.2259069","article-title":"Online learning in health professions education. Part 2: tools and practical application: AMEE Guide No. 163","volume":"46","author":"Masters","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E158","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NEP.0000000000000814","article-title":"A novel teaching strategy in nursing pharmacology: learning using cognitive load theory","volume":"42","author":"Mauldin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Educ. Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04300.x","article-title":"E-Learning initiatives to support prescribing","volume":"74","author":"Maxwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04232.x","article-title":"How should teaching of undergraduates in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics be delivered and assessed?","volume":"73","author":"Maxwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01878.x","article-title":"Teaching safe and effective prescribing in UK medical schools: a core curriculum for tomorrow's doctors","volume":"55","author":"Maxwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/01367895-201021030-00003","article-title":"Teaching pharmacology in a physician assistant program","volume":"21","author":"McBane","year":"2010","journal-title":"The J. Physician Assistant Educ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2017.07.015","article-title":"Interprofessional education in pharmacology using high-fidelity simulation","volume":"9","author":"Meyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacy Teaching and Learning"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12436","article-title":"Developing a competency-based curriculum in basic and clinical pharmacology \u2013 a delphi study among physicians","volume":"117","author":"Midl\u00f6v","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2017.09.008","article-title":"Pharmacy student involvement in student-run free clinics in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Mohammed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacy Teaching and Learning"},{"issue":"s2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2009.00601.x","article-title":"Teaching across the generation gap: a consensus from the council of emergency medicine residency directors 2009 academic assembly","volume":"16","author":"Moreno-Walton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib101","series-title":"Development, Implementation and Evaluation of Curricula in Nursing and Midwifery Education","first-page":"77","article-title":"Development and implementation of a competency-based curriculum in undergraduate nursing education","author":"Muraraneza","year":"2021"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines8090046","article-title":"The effective strategies to avoid medication errors and improving reporting systems","volume":"8","author":"Mutair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05425-y","article-title":"Entrustable professional activities-based objective structured clinical examinations in a pharmacy curriculum","volume":"24","author":"Nasser","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib104","first-page":"279","article-title":"Teaching safe prescribing to medical students: perspectives in the UK","volume":"6","author":"Nazar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Educ. Pract."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1990.201","article-title":"A core curriculum for medical students in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"48","author":"Nierenberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03710.x","article-title":"A core curriculum for medical students in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"31","author":"Nierenberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib108","series-title":"Oxford Textbook of Medicine","first-page":"71","article-title":"Principles of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy","author":"O'Shaughnessy","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib109","series-title":"The Principles and Practice of Medicine: Designed for the Use of Practitioners and Students of Medicine","author":"Osler","year":"1892"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib110","article-title":"Contraceptive pharmacology and risk communication: a case-based flipped classroom exercise","volume":"15","author":"Ottolenghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"MedEdPORTAL: The J. Teaching and Learning Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24249","article-title":"Acquisition of higher-order cognitive skills (HOCS) using the flipped classroom model: a quasi-experimental study","author":"Paralikar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib112","first-page":"131","article-title":"Reflections on the history of pharmacology","volume":"22","author":"Parascandola","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pharm. Hist."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe76231","article-title":"The impact of team-based learning on a foundational pharmacokinetics course","volume":"76","author":"Persky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharmaceut. Educ."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.21815\/JDE.017.062","article-title":"Improving dental students' long\u2010term retention of pharmacy knowledge with \u201cmedication minutes.\u201d","volume":"81","author":"Persky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib115","first-page":"88","article-title":"Pharmacotherapeutic management of advanced therapy drugs","volume":"46","author":"Poveda-Andr\u00e9s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Farmac Hosp.: Organo Oficial De Expresion Cientifica De La Sociedad Espanola De Farmacia Hospitalaria"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3182a368bd","article-title":"Medical education reimagined: a call to action","volume":"88","author":"Prober","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.46542\/pe.2021.211.382389","article-title":"Measuring the educational benefits of using a virtual patient to practice pharmacist-patient consultations","volume":"21","author":"Richardson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-007-0432-z","article-title":"Teaching clinical pharmacology and therapeutics with an emphasis on the therapeutic reasoning of undergraduate medical students","volume":"64","author":"Richir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1358\/dnp.2010.23.7.1458283","article-title":"If children ruled the pharmaceutical industry: the need for pediatric formulations","volume":"23","author":"Rieder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug News Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib120","article-title":"Can virtual reality improve pharmacology education in medical students?","volume":"192","author":"Roni","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASPET 2023 Annual Meeting Abstract Pharmacol. Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04186.x","article-title":"Prescribing and the core curriculum for tomorrow's doctors: BPS curriculum in clinical pharmacology and prescribing for medical students","volume":"74","author":"Ross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2021.30.5.296","article-title":"Introducing a flipped classroom in a pharmacology course","volume":"30","author":"Sajjad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurs."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe78483","article-title":"Effectiveness of E-learning in pharmacy education","volume":"78","author":"Salter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharmaceut. Educ."},{"issue":"5S","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1097\/NNE.0000000000000409","article-title":"Impact of simulation-enhanced pharmacology education in prelicensure nursing education","volume":"42","author":"Sanko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurse Educ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.894","article-title":"Defining and unpacking the core concepts of pharmacology education","volume":"9","author":"Santiago","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib126","article-title":"Gamification as a learning method in pharmacy education","volume":"s2","author":"Shawaqfeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Care Health Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib127","series-title":"Pharmacology Practical Sessions at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Cureus","article-title":"Assessing the knowledge and perceptions of medical students after using kahoot","author":"Shawwa","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05365-7","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and medical education: application in classroom instruction and student assessment using a pharmacology & therapeutics case study","volume":"24","author":"Sridharan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5455\/njppp.2015.5.061220141","article-title":"Reflections: an approach to comprehensive learning in medical education","volume":"5","author":"Srivastava","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8562","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe8562","article-title":"Effectiveness of journal club activities versus clinical debate activities in pharmacy experiential education","volume":"86","author":"Steuber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharmaceut. Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02703637","article-title":"The roots of ancient medicine: an historical outline","volume":"26","author":"Subbarayappa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2475","article-title":"An interprofessional student-run medication review program: the clinical STOPP\/START-Based outcomes of a controlled clinical trial in a geriatric outpatient clinic","volume":"111","author":"Sultan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib133","first-page":"2","article-title":"Welcoming AI into the pharmacology classroom","volume":"66","author":"Swanson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib134","series-title":"The Archaeology of Medicine and Healthcare","year":"2022"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.10756","article-title":"Effect of an electronic medication reconciliation intervention on adverse drug events: a cluster randomized trial","volume":"2","author":"Tamblyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib136","series-title":"Pharmacology for the Health Care Professions","author":"Thorp","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02823-w","article-title":"WHO guide to good prescribing is 25 years old: quo vadis?","author":"Tichelaar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe78118","article-title":"Reflective practice and its implications for pharmacy education","volume":"78","author":"Tsingos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharmaceut. Educ."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218267","article-title":"Social media used and teaching methods preferred by generation Z students in the nursing clinical learning environment: a cross-sectional research study","volume":"17","author":"Vizcaya-Moreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1997.00668.x","article-title":"Core content of a course in clinical pharmacology","volume":"44","author":"Walley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1997.00669.x","article-title":"Developing a core curriculum in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics: a Delphi study","volume":"44","author":"Walley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077205","article-title":"Exploring the motivation of self-directed learning of hospital pharmacists: a multicentre qualitative study","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.46542\/pe.2024.241.429442","article-title":"Pharmacy students' perceptions of computer-based simulation in light of the rise of online learning","volume":"24","author":"Weber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm. Educ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1987.184","article-title":"The therapeutic revolution","volume":"42","author":"Weinshilboum","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.836","article-title":"Identifying the core concepts of pharmacology education","volume":"9","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16000","article-title":"Identifying the core concepts of pharmacology education: a global initiative","volume":"180","author":"White","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.09.010","article-title":"Not another boring lecture: engaging learners with active learning techniques","volume":"48","author":"Wolff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"7384","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7384.328","article-title":"ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: problem based learning","volume":"326","author":"Wood","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.12056","article-title":"Using simulation for prescribing: an evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Woodfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Teach."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib150","article-title":"Teaching pharmacology to medical students in an integrated problem-based learning curriculum: an Australian perspective","volume":"25","author":"Woodman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"issue":"101548923","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib151","article-title":"Multidimensional evaluation of teaching strategies for pharmacology based on a comprehensive analysis involving 21,269 students","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1421-x","article-title":"Evaluating the validity evidence of an OSCE: results from a new medical school","volume":"18","author":"Yazbeck Karam","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21714","article-title":"Increasing engagement in pharmacology and pharmacogenetics education using games and online resources: the PharmacoloGenius mobile app","volume":"81","author":"Zammarchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270010375428","article-title":"Using team-based learning to teach clinical pharmacology in medical school: student satisfaction and improved performance","volume":"51","author":"Zgheib","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15090286","article-title":"Generative AI in medicine and healthcare: promises, opportunities and challenges","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386_bib156","article-title":"Exploring the reform of pharmacology curriculum based on ChatGPT","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Nonlinear Sci."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299925001402?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299925001402?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T01:05:33Z","timestamp":1741655133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299925001402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":154,"alternative-id":["S0014299925001402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exploring the landscape of pharmacology education in Health Professions Programs: From historical perspectives to current approaches to teaching","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177386","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"177386"}}