{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T20:56:26Z","timestamp":1793480186059,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T03:56:39Z","timestamp":1757994999000},"page":"178160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Resatorvid as a promising neuroprotective agent in pentylenetetrazol-kindling rat model: Suppressing neuroinflammation and enhancing cognitive and motor functions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1006","author":[{"given":"Mennatallah H.","family":"Zidan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan S.","family":"El-Abhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nesrine S.","family":"El Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9235-7351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzan M.","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101635","article-title":"The tragedy of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: towards better management via resveratrol-loaded oral bilosomes","volume":"13","author":"Abbas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00605-2","article-title":"Time course for kindling-induced changes in the hilar area of the dentate gyrus: reactive gliosis as a potential mechanism","volume":"804","author":"Adams","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00476","article-title":"Genetically epilepsy-prone rats display anxiety-like behaviors and neuropsychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy","volume":"9","author":"Aguilar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9303-2","article-title":"Role of Rho Kinase inhibition in the protective effect of fasudil and simvastatin against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal neurodegeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction in rats","volume":"53","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12661","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation in a spectrum of epileptogenic cortical malformations: molecular insights into their interdependence","volume":"29","author":"Arena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22312","article-title":"Astrocyte immune responses in epilepsy","volume":"60","author":"Aronica","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13081448","article-title":"Altered Lnc-EGFR, SNHG1, and LincRNA-Cox2 profiles in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: impact on disease activity and progression","volume":"13","author":"Attia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(95)00137-L","article-title":"Antiepileptic drugs \u2014 Their effects on kindled seizures and kindling-induced learning impairments","volume":"52","author":"Becker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90959-Q","article-title":"Interleukin 1\/3 inhibits synaptic strength and long-term potentiation in the rat CA1 hippocampus","volume":"628","author":"Bellinger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-021-03236-x","article-title":"Astrocytes and epilepsy","volume":"46","author":"Binder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2038","article-title":"Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Block","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.851394","article-title":"The function of NF-Kappa B during epilepsy, a potential therapeutic target","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00174615","article-title":"Anatomy and Embryology Developmental cell death: morphological diversity and multiple mechanisms","volume":"181","author":"Clarke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01087-6","article-title":"Inflachromene attenuates seizure severity in mouse epilepsy models via inhibiting HMGB1 translocation","volume":"44","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-2707","article-title":"TAK-242 ameliorates epileptic symptoms in mice by inhibiting the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20358","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 contributes to the generation of experimental febrile seizures","volume":"57","author":"Dub\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-016-0356-1","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of resatorvid against traumatic brain injury in rat: involvement of neuronal autophagy and TLR4 signaling pathway","volume":"37","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00612-8","article-title":"Morphological alterations of neurons and astrocytes and changes in emotional behavior in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats","volume":"70","author":"Franke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03034.x","article-title":"Molecular cascades that mediate the influence of inflammation on epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"Friedman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib19","series-title":"Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","first-page":"121","article-title":"The hematoxylins and eosin","author":"Gamble","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2023.148382","article-title":"(+)-Borneol exerts neuroprotective effects via suppressing the NF-\u03baB pathway in the pilocarpine-induced epileptogenesis rat model","volume":"1810","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/embo-reports\/kvf198","article-title":"The nuclear protein HMGB1 is secreted by monocytes via a non-classical, vesicle-mediated secretory pathway","volume":"3","author":"Gardella","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01263.x","article-title":"Anticonvulsant effects of carbamazepine on spontaneous seizures in rats with kainate-induced epilepsy: comparison of intraperitoneal injections with drug-in-food protocols","volume":"48","author":"Grabenstatter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/cells7040026","article-title":"Microglia after seizures and in epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Hiragi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.105.019695","article-title":"A novel cyclohexene derivative, ethyl (6R)-6-[N-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl) sulfamoyl] cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate (TAK-242), selectively inhibits toll-like receptor 4-mediated cytokine production through suppression of intracellular signaling","volume":"69","author":"Ii","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.12.007","article-title":"Blockade of the IL-1R1\/TLR4 pathway mediates disease-modification therapeutic effects in a model of acquired epilepsy","volume":"99","author":"Iori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.03.006","article-title":"Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts is upregulated in temporal lobe epilepsy and contributes to experimental seizures","volume":"58","author":"Iori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13086","article-title":"Baicalin mitigates cognitive impairment and protects neurons from microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via suppressing NLRP3 inflammasomes and TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"25","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20197374","article-title":"Circulating high mobility group box-1 and toll-like receptor 4 expressions increase the risk and severity of epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"Kan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S442623","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles exacerbate epileptic seizures by modulating the TLR4-autophagy axis","volume":"19","author":"Ke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.151080","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of naringin by modulation of klotho and HMGB1- TLR4 axis in PTZ-induced kindling in mice","volume":"742","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.689069","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of fisetin through suppression of IL-1R\/TLR axis and apoptosis in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in mice","volume":"12","author":"Khatoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00315","article-title":"Embelin prevents seizure and associated cognitive impairments in a pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling zebrafish model","volume":"10","author":"Kundap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a001651","article-title":"The nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib33","first-page":"413","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box-1 are involved in ictogenesis and can be targeted to reduce seizures","volume":"16","author":"Maroso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med. (N. Y., NY, U. S.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.110.068064","article-title":"TAK-242 (resatorvid), a small-molecule inhibitor of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling, binds selectively to TLR4 and interferes with interactions between TLR4 and its adaptor molecules","volume":"79","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2018.09.012","article-title":"Overexpression of inflammatory-related and nitric oxide synthase genes in olfactory bulbs from frontal lobe epilepsy patients","volume":"148","author":"Mercado-G\u00f3mez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2018.05.007","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of Celecoxib on HMGB1\/TLR4 pathway in a recurrent seizures model in immature rats","volume":"170","author":"Morales-Sosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116212","article-title":"Polysaccharide-rich extract of Genipa americana leaves protects seizures and oxidative stress in the mice model of pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy","volume":"172","author":"Nonato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2022.08.003","article-title":"Pentylenetetrazole kindling-induced epilepsy rat models: insight on the severity state, a comparative study","volume":"13","author":"Ngoupaye","year":"2022","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(03)00251-6","article-title":"Kainic acid-induced convulsions cause prolonged changes in the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neurocan and phosphacan in the limbic structures","volume":"184","author":"Okamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122869","article-title":"Mossy Fiber sprouting in temporal Lobe Epilepsy: the impact of Netrin-1, DCC, and gene expression changes","volume":"12","author":"Onay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105172","article-title":"Role of innate immune receptor TLR4 and its endogenous ligands in epileptogenesis","volume":"160","author":"Paudel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14663","article-title":"High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a novel frontier in epileptogenesis: from pathogenesis to therapeutic approaches","volume":"151","author":"Paudel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx117","article-title":"Targeting oxidative stress improves disease outcomes in a rat model of acquired epilepsy","volume":"140","author":"Pauletti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8525","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.12.8525","article-title":"Selective proinflammatory activation of astrocytes by high-mobility group box 1 protein signaling","volume":"179","author":"Pedrazzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106058","article-title":"Astrocyte-neuron circuits in epilepsy","volume":"179","author":"Purnell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00380","article-title":"Detrimental effects of HMGB-1 require microglial-astroglial interaction: implications for the status epilepticus -Induced neuroinflammation","volume":"13","author":"Rosciszewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001939","article-title":"The alphabet of imaging in acute stroke does it spell improved selection and outcome?","volume":"44","author":"Rowley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2018.1481064","article-title":"Neuropathological profile of the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model","volume":"128","author":"Samokhina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.02.031","article-title":"Morphological and ultrastructural features of Iba1-immunolabeled microglial cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus","volume":"1266","author":"Shapiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2718-9","article-title":"Defensive effect of natrium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (NDDCT) and lisinopril in DOCA-salt hypertension-induced vascular dementia in rats","volume":"223","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200207120949","article-title":"Role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) signalling in neurodegenerative diseases: an mechanistic approach","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seizures and epilepsy: an overview for neuroscientists","volume":"7","author":"Stafstrom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806918754612","article-title":"Inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 alleviates hyperalgesia induced by acute dural inflammation in experimental migraine","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577802","article-title":"The TLR4 mediated inflammatory signal pathway might be involved in drug resistance in drug-resistant epileptic rats","volume":"365","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107742","article-title":"Inflammation and reactive oxygen species as disease modifiers in epilepsy","volume":"167","author":"Terrone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0217-x","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarkers in epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Vezzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.03.009","article-title":"The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Vezzani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12991","article-title":"MiR-181b inhibits P38\/JNK signaling pathway to attenuate autophagy and apoptosis in juvenile rats with kainic acid-induced epilepsy via targeting TLR4","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlac111","article-title":"Microglial activation and over pruning involved in developmental epilepsy","volume":"82","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118408","article-title":"Safranal alleviates pentetrazole-induced epileptic seizures in mice by inhibiting the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis through GSK-3\u03b2 inactivation","volume":"333","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2102034118","article-title":"HMGB1 released from nociceptors mediates inflammation","volume":"118","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-2153-0","article-title":"HMGB1-TLR4 axis plays a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in immature rat model and children via the p38MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2013.56.7.271","article-title":"The role of cytokines in seizures: Interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-1ra, IL-8, and IL-10","volume":"56","author":"Youn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2021-0090","article-title":"Rufinamide (RUF) suppresses inflammation and maintains the integrity of the blood-brain barrier during kainic acid-induced brain damage","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib65","article-title":"Role of HMGB1\/TLR4 and IL-1\u03b2\/IL-1R1 signaling pathways in epilepsy","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2021.34.1.47","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4\/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway is involved in radicular pain by encouraging spinal microglia activation and inflammatory response in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr032","article-title":"Activation of toll-like receptor, RAGE and HMGB1 signalling in malformations of cortical development","volume":"134","author":"Zurolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299925009148?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299925009148?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T04:38:34Z","timestamp":1780202314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299925009148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["S0014299925009148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Resatorvid as a promising neuroprotective agent in pentylenetetrazol-kindling rat model: Suppressing neuroinflammation and enhancing cognitive and motor functions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178160","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"178160"}}