{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:21:49Z","timestamp":1790734909996,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007525","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rennes 1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007525","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T19:47:52Z","timestamp":1776282472000},"page":"178879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The history of \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid: from a waste metabolite to a druggable compound for metabolic disease. A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1023","author":[{"given":"Karima","family":"Begriche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Massart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2994-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Fromenty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/10520295.2021.1949041","article-title":"Hepato-protective effects of thymoquinone and \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"97","author":"Aktas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotech. Histochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib2","article-title":"A novel finding of increased \u00df-Aminoisobutyric acid levels in classic Homocystinuria with homocysteine-lowering treatment","volume":"15","author":"Alkaissi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.123","article-title":"Normal mitochondrial function and increased fat oxidation capacity in leg and arm muscles in obese humans","volume":"35","author":"Ara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)81204-2","article-title":"Excretion of \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid by man","volume":"238","author":"Armstrong","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)70301-3","article-title":"Isolation of \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid from bulbs of Iris tingitana var. wedgewood","volume":"234","author":"Asen","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521002609","article-title":"Ketogenic diets, physical activity and body composition: a review","volume":"127","author":"Ashtary-Larky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27914-8","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA) is a novel regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory function in human podocytes","volume":"13","author":"Audzeyenka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4534-5_16","article-title":"Separation and quantification of isomeric forms of aminobutyric acids","volume":"2925","author":"Awad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"3384","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1126\/science.130.3384.1250","article-title":"Occurrence of \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid in Mytilus edulis","volume":"130","author":"Awapara","year":"1959","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5c00461","article-title":"Genome mining leads to the discovery of kasichelins A-D, unusual \u03b2-Alanine- and \u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid-containing siderophores from streptomyces","volume":"88","author":"Bader","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(94)90564-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of toxicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. Its interaction with adenylate kinase","volume":"48","author":"Barile","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2020.100053","article-title":"Beta-aminoisobutyric acid is released by contracting human skeletal muscle and lowers insulin release from INS-1 832\/3 cells by mediating mitochondrial energy metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Barlow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabol. Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.204","article-title":"Adipose tissue browning and metabolic health","volume":"10","author":"Bartelt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.7.1078","article-title":"Fatty acid oxidation and the regulation of malonyl-CoA in human muscle","volume":"49","author":"B\u00e5venholm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00768G","article-title":"Liver microphysiological systems development guidelines for safety risk assessment in the pharmaceutical industry","volume":"20","author":"Baudy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.337","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid prevents diet-induced obesity in mice with partial leptin deficiency","volume":"16","author":"Begriche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2009.00765.x","article-title":"Effects of \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid on leptin production and lipid homeostasis: mechanisms and possible relevance for the prevention of obesity","volume":"24","author":"Begriche","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib18","first-page":"R712","article-title":"Renal secretion of amino acids in ophidian reptiles","volume":"250","author":"Benyajati","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00235","article-title":"AMPK: a master energy regulator for gonadal function","volume":"9","author":"Bertoldo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-2977(00)00064-4","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis caused by stavudine in an HIV-infected patient","volume":"57","author":"Bleeker-Rovers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"issue":"8374","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91777-X","article-title":"\u03c9-aminoaciduria induced by \u03b3-vinyl GABA","volume":"1","author":"Brandt","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.517","article-title":"Drug disposition in three dimensions: an update on stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetics","volume":"27","author":"Brocks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-021-00190-9","article-title":"Clinical development times for innovative drugs","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.1.21","article-title":"2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine (d4T) in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex: a phase I trial","volume":"167","author":"Browne","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae055","article-title":"Drug-induced impairment of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and steatosis: assessment of causal relationship with 45 pharmaceuticals","volume":"200","author":"Buron","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib26","article-title":"Beta-aminoisobutyric acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary injury and lipid metabolism disorder","volume":"209","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2024.05.005","article-title":"HIV and adipose tissue: a long history linked to therapeutic classes of antiretrovirals","volume":"85","author":"Capeau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.03.002","article-title":"HIV-associated lipodystrophy: from fat injury to premature aging","volume":"16","author":"Caron-Debarle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80020-8","article-title":"Zidovudine-induced mitochondrial disorder with massive liver steatosis, myopathy, lactic acidosis, and mitochondrial DNA depletion","volume":"30","author":"Chariot","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)11067-5","article-title":"Effect of anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside analogs on mitochondrial DNA and its implication for delayed toxicity","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib31","article-title":"The effect and application of adiponectin in hepatic fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep. (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150305","article-title":"Exerkines: benign adaptation for exercise and benefits for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"726","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200207010-00002","article-title":"Exposure to dideoxynucleosides is reflected in lowered mitochondrial DNA in subcutaneous fat","volume":"30","author":"Cherry","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2018.2984","article-title":"Dynamic of lipid droplets and gene expression in response to \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid treatment on 3T3-L1 cells","volume":"62","author":"Colitti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800451","article-title":"Effect of dietary fish oil on body fat mass and basal fat oxidation in healthy adults","volume":"21","author":"Couet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.9.1816","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo disposition and metabolism of 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine","volume":"37","author":"Cretton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"4243","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/167307a0","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid (\u03b1-methyl-\u03b2-alanine); a new amino-acid obtained from human urine","volume":"167","author":"Crumpler","year":"1951","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-019-00541-3","article-title":"In-Vivo Degradation of DNA-based Therapeutic BC 007 in Humans","volume":"44","author":"Davideit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.03.004","article-title":"Improving the accuracy of predicted human pharmacokinetics: lessons learned from the AstraZeneca drug pipeline over two decades","volume":"41","author":"Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.269894.115","article-title":"Mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in the developing and diseased heart","volume":"29","author":"Dorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020300","article-title":"Alteration in amino acid metabolism after isocaloric, energy-restricted ketogenic diet in women with overweight and obesity: randomized KETO-MINOX trial","volume":"18","author":"Drabi\u0144ska-Fois","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2016.03.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial cytopathies","volume":"60","author":"El-Hattab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(78)90250-4","article-title":"Infrequency of urinary excretion of beta-aminoisobutyric acid by healthy humans","volume":"84","author":"Evered","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1210567","article-title":"A low-calorie diet raises \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid in relation to glucose regulation and leptin independent of exercise in women with obesity","volume":"14","author":"Faiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2018.tb00036.x","article-title":"Adiponectin regulation and function","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.22.2.154","article-title":"Urinary beta-aminoisobutyric acid excretion in thalassaemia","volume":"22","author":"Fessas","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)55693-3","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid in rat urine following administration of pyrimidines","volume":"197","author":"Fink","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110916","article-title":"Alteration of mitochondrial DNA homeostasis in drug-induced liver injury","volume":"135","author":"Fromenty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.09.020","article-title":"Mitochondrial alterations in fatty liver diseases","volume":"78","author":"Fromenty","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib50","article-title":"Use of beta-aminoisobutyric acid for the treatment of diseases linked to the accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol","author":"Fromenty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Appl. Pub. Under Patent. Coop. Treaty (PCT)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-023-00336-1","article-title":"Opposing effects of clozapine and brexpiprazole on \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid: pathophysiology of antipsychotics-induced weight gain","volume":"9","author":"Fukuyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophrenia (Heidelb)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050862","article-title":"Enhanced L-\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid is involved in the pathophysiology of effectiveness for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and adverse reactions of clozapine","volume":"13","author":"Fukuyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091288","article-title":"A novel gliotransmitter, L-\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid, contributes to pathophysiology of clinical efficacies and adverse reactions of clozapine","volume":"13","author":"Fukuyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29565-3","article-title":"Effect of stavudine on mitochondrial genome and fatty acid oxidation in lean and obese mice","volume":"297","author":"Gaou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350400900206","article-title":"Adipocytes targets and actors in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated lipodystrophy and metabolic alterations","volume":"9","author":"Gougeon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02437-y","article-title":"Genetic loci of beta-aminoisobutyric acid are associated with aging-related mild cognitive impairment","volume":"13","author":"Granot-Hershkovitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.55.070186.004231","article-title":"\u03b2-Amino acids: mammalian metabolism and utility as alpha-amino acid analogues","volume":"55","author":"Griffith","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2021.101582","article-title":"The ameliorative effects of thymoquinone and beta-aminoisobutyric acid on streptozotocin-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"71","author":"G\u00fcr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.03.005","article-title":"Blocking bone loss with l-BAIBA","volume":"29","author":"Hamrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib60","article-title":"Blood metabolites predicting mild cognitive impairment in the study of Latinos-investigation of neurocognitive aging (HCHS\/SOL)","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-023-01272-2","article-title":"Targeted amino acids profiling of human seminal plasma from teratozoospermia patients using LC-MS\/MS","volume":"30","author":"Hosseini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib62","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid targets AMPK to suppress macrophage pro-inflammatory phenotype and alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis in mice","volume":"168","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-025-00599-1","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in adults","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2025.2520423","article-title":"Beta-aminoisobutyric acid attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase-mediated pathway","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib65","article-title":"Exercise suppresses osteoclastogenesis by increasing the secretion of muscle-derived L-\u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sport. Health Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2174\/187152106777697871","article-title":"Mitochondrial, metabolic and genotoxic effects of antiretroviral nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Igoudjil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anti-Infect. Agents Med. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200314","article-title":"High doses of stavudine induce fat wasting and mild liver damage without impairing mitochondrial respiration in mice","volume":"12","author":"Igoudjil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2008.01.011","article-title":"High concentrations of stavudine impair fatty acid oxidation without depleting mitochondrial DNA in cultured rat hepatocytes","volume":"22","author":"Igoudjil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitro"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3663-z","article-title":"BAIBA attenuates insulin resistance and inflammation induced by palmitate or a high fat diet via an AMPK-PPAR\u03b4-dependent pathway in mice","volume":"58","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-018-0431-7","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid attenuates LPS-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in adipocytes through AMPK-mediated pathway","volume":"25","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)94011-1","article-title":"The preparation and isolation of D-(-)-beta-aminoisobutyric acid","volume":"236","author":"Kakimoto","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(65)90012-7","article-title":"Isolation of \u03b3-L-glutamyl-\u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid from bovine brain","volume":"100","author":"Kakimoto","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)94435-2","article-title":"D-\u03b2-aminoisobutyrate:pyruvate aminotransferase in mammalian liver and excretion of beta-aminoisobutyrate by man","volume":"244","author":"Kakimoto","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623319857051","article-title":"Animal models of peripheral pain: biology review and application for drug discovery","volume":"48","author":"Kaliyaperumal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.12.007","article-title":"Come on BAIBA light my fire","volume":"19","author":"Kammoun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)80521-J","article-title":"Irreversible inhibition of D-3-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate aminotransferase by gabaculine","volume":"276","author":"Kaneko","year":"1990","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01727-x","article-title":"Elevated circulating level of beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors","volume":"21","author":"Katano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-023-02308-y","article-title":"Circulating level of beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), a novel myokine-like molecule, is inversely associated with fat mass in patients with heart failure","volume":"39","author":"Katano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Vessel."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-025-01088-x","article-title":"Bone and muscle crosstalk in ageing and disease","volume":"21","author":"Kirk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.01.041","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid, l-BAIBA, is a muscle-derived osteocyte survival factor","volume":"22","author":"Kitase","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088544","article-title":"Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2) polymorphisms have considerable impact on methylarginine and \u03b2-aminoisobutyrate metabolism in healthy volunteers","volume":"9","author":"Kittel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350601100202","article-title":"In combination, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have significant effects on 3T3-L1 adipocyte lipid accumulation and survival","volume":"11","author":"Kosmiski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2022.2128141","article-title":"Dose-Response absorption kinetics of oral L-Beta-Aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA) supplementation in healthy men and women","volume":"20","author":"Krieger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-198093","article-title":"The dynamic range of the human metabolome revealed by challenges","volume":"26","author":"Krug","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2022.06.003","article-title":"Animal models of hypertension: the status of nitric oxide and oxidative stress and the role of the renal medulla","volume":"125\u2013126","author":"Kuczeriszka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)63679-3","article-title":"The enzymatic synthesis of \u03b2-aminoisobutyrate, a product of valine metabolism, and of \u03b2-alanine, a product of \u03b2-hydroxypropionate metabolism","volume":"229","author":"Kupiecki","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098620976951","article-title":"Structured benefit-risk evaluation for medicinal products: review of quantitative benefit-risk assessment findings in the literature","volume":"11","author":"K\u00fcrzinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Drug. Saf."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14070353","article-title":"Changes in plasma free amino acid profile in endurance athletes over a 9-Month training cycle","volume":"14","author":"Kusy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2008.00608.x","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury through mitochondrial dysfunction: mechanisms and detection during preclinical safety studies","volume":"22","author":"Labbe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(99)00022-3","article-title":"Aminoaciduria resulting from vigabatrin administration in children with epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Lahat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518309168228","article-title":"High excretion of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in patients with ketoacidosis","volume":"43","author":"Landaas","year":"1983","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00091","article-title":"Exercise-released myokines in the control of energy metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Laurens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1159\/000490497","article-title":"BAIBA attenuates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and attachment molecules and ER stress in HUVECs and THP-1 cells","volume":"85","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2012.01367.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of stereoisomeric drugs with particular reference to bioequivalence determination","volume":"35","author":"Lees","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.20088","article-title":"\u03b2-Amino acids - syntheses, occurrence in natural products, and components of \u03b2-peptides","volume":"76","author":"Lelais","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.12.2196","article-title":"A common promoter variant of the leptin gene is associated with changes in the relationship between serum leptin and fat mass in Obese girls","volume":"49","author":"Le Stunff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2024.12.016","article-title":"Beta-aminoisobutyric acid improves bovine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development by promoting lipid catabolism","volume":"234","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44249-6","article-title":"L-\u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid, L-BAIBA, a marker of bone mineral density and body mass index, and D-BAIBA of physical performance and age","volume":"13","author":"Lyssikatos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1021\/cb6004307","article-title":"Biosynthetic characterization and chemoenzymatic assembly of the cryptophycins. Potent anticancer agents from cyanobionts","volume":"1","author":"Magarvey","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350400900513","article-title":"Effects of zidovudine, stavudine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid on lipid homeostasis in mice: possible role in human fat wasting","volume":"9","author":"Maisonneuve","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9368","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249368","article-title":"Unraveling the role of leptin in liver function and its relationship with liver diseases","volume":"21","author":"Mart\u00ednez-U\u00f1a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19780","article-title":"Urinary N-methylnicotinamide and \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid predict catch-up growth in undernourished Brazilian children","volume":"6","author":"Mayneris-Perxachs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.8.1824","article-title":"Comparison of mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial DNA content, and cell viability in cultured cells treated with three anti-human immunodeficiency virus dideoxynucleosides","volume":"38","author":"Medina","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2021.12.001","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid, L-BAIBA, protects PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via activation of the AMPK and PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"12","author":"Minato","year":"2022","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00805","article-title":"Longitudinal physical activity change during hemodialysis and its association with body composition and plasma BAIBA levels","volume":"10","author":"Molfino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2016.1256240","article-title":"BAIBA does not regulate UCP-3 expression in human skeletal muscle as a response to aerobic exercise","volume":"36","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24260.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the role of leptin in energy homeostasis","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcnzberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(67)90028-8","article-title":"Some metabolic studies of \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid","volume":"6","author":"Mushahwar","year":"1967","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib109","first-page":"687","article-title":"Dual origin of \u03b2\u2010aminoisobutyric acid, a thymine catabolite","volume":"80","author":"Nielsen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.11.3384-3392.2003","article-title":"Mitochondrial and metabolic effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in mice receiving one of five single- and three dual-NRTI treatments","volume":"47","author":"Note","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2024.503820","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid ameliorated type 1 diabetes-induced germ cell toxicity in rat: studies on the role of oxidative stress and IGF-1\/AMPK\/-1 signaling pathway","volume":"899","author":"Panghal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40139-015-0094-y","article-title":"Adiponectin as an anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory adipokine in the liver","volume":"3","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pathobiol. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121609","article-title":"Beta-aminoisobutyric acid inhibits hypothalamic inflammation by reversing microglia activation","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02874-y","article-title":"Effects of ketogenic diet on health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials","volume":"21","author":"Patikorn","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2023.11.002","article-title":"Biomarkers and biomarker validation: a pathologist's guide to getting it right","volume":"56","author":"Paver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10746","article-title":"L-BAIBA synergizes with sub-optimal mechanical loading to promote new bone formation","volume":"7","author":"Prideaux","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17288.x","article-title":"Evidence for an impaired long-chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in fao hepatoma cells","volume":"209","author":"Prip-Buus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib118","first-page":"S0168","article-title":"Distinct effects of ketogenic and non-ketogenic weight-loss diets on hepatic steatosis and mitochondrial metabolism in MASLD","volume":"6","author":"Qadri","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116137","article-title":"Exerkine \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid protects against atrial structural remodeling and atrial fibrillation in obesity via activating AMPK signaling and improving insulin sensitivity","volume":"171","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01345-5","article-title":"The muscle-intervertebral disc interaction mediated by L-BAIBA modulates extracellular matrix homeostasis and PANoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells","volume":"56","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.06.013","article-title":"A genome-wide association study of the human metabolome in a community-based cohort","volume":"18","author":"Rhee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2015.37","article-title":"Associations between plasma branched-chain amino acids, \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid and body composition","volume":"5","author":"Rietman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.12.003","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid induces browning of white fat and hepatic \u03b2-oxidation and is inversely correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"19","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0843","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate mimics exercise-stimulated muscular fiber-type switching and myokine and gamma-Aminobutyric acid release","volume":"66","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2014.09.005","article-title":"AGXT2: a promiscuous aminotransferase","volume":"35","author":"Rodionov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104111","article-title":"The metabolism and fate of tritiated thymidine in man","volume":"39","author":"Rubini","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114397","article-title":"Both enantiomers of \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid BAIBA regulate Fgf23 via MRGPRD receptor by activating distinct signaling pathways in osteocytes","volume":"43","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01756-0","article-title":"Bacterial reprogramming of tick metabolism impacts vector fitness and susceptibility to infection","volume":"9","author":"Samaddar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6810","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(54)91193-9","article-title":"Starvation amino-aciduria","volume":"266","author":"Sandler","year":"1954","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.06.141","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid protects against vascular inflammation through PGC-1\u03b2-induced antioxidative properties","volume":"516","author":"Sawada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-021-01065-y","article-title":"How much does it cost to research and develop a new drug? A systematic review and assessment","volume":"39","author":"Schlander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)10550-6","article-title":"Pharmacology of the inhibitory glycine receptor: agonist and antagonist actions of amino acids and piperidine carboxylic acid compounds","volume":"48","author":"Schmieden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/10915818221094487","article-title":"Safety assessment of L-\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA): subchronic toxicity study in sprague dawley rats","volume":"41","author":"Shanmugasundaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib134","article-title":"\u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid attenuates hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and glucose\/lipid metabolic disturbance in mice with type 2 diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40643-1","article-title":"Skeletal muscle-specific PGC-1\u03b1 overexpression suppresses atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-Knockout mice","volume":"9","author":"Shimba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b20-00078","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid suppresses atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-Knockout mice","volume":"43","author":"Shimba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02698","article-title":"Effect of obesity and exercise training on plasma amino acids and amino metabolites in American Indian adolescents","volume":"104","author":"Short","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.65.6.1194","article-title":"Thymidine metabolism and the measurement of the rate of DNA synthesis in carrot suspension cultures: evidence for a degradation pathway for thymidine","volume":"65","author":"Slabas","year":"1980","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(75)90030-3","article-title":"The determination of \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid in human serum by ion-exchange chromatography","volume":"59","author":"Solem","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01240","article-title":"Acute aerobic exercise leads to increased plasma levels of R- and S-\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid in humans","volume":"10","author":"Stautemas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0019-2","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase: the current landscape for drug development","volume":"18","author":"Steinberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00547-x","article-title":"New insights into activation and function of the AMPK","volume":"24","author":"Steinberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.121434","article-title":"The circulating metabolome of human starvation","volume":"3","author":"Steinhauser","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.04.011","article-title":"Adiponectin, leptin, and fatty acids in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis through adipose tissue crosstalk","volume":"23","author":"Stern","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.837","article-title":"A genome-wide association study of metabolic traits in human urine","volume":"43","author":"Suhre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.02.002","article-title":"Why 90% of clinical drug development fails and how to improve it?","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)71180-0","article-title":"Studies on the free amino acids and related compounds in the tissues of the cat","volume":"211","author":"Tallan","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(90)90183-W","article-title":"Evaluation of interconversion between (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of \u03b2-aminoisobutyrate","volume":"1035","author":"Tamaki","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030524","article-title":"Beta-aminoisobutyric acid as a novel regulator of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Tanianskii","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2021.192","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial biogenesis dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"30","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther. (Seoul)."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167269","article-title":"Accumulation of \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid mediates hyperalgesia in ovariectomized mice through mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D signaling","volume":"1870","author":"Tu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/816159","article-title":"Identification of physiologically active substances as novel ligands for MRGPRD","volume":"2012","author":"Uno","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.206325","article-title":"L-\u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA) in combination with voluntary wheel running exercise enhances musculoskeletal properties in middle-age male mice","volume":"17","author":"Vallejo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(81)90045-0","article-title":"Linear relationship between the R- and S-enantiomers of a \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid in human urine","volume":"116","author":"van Gennip","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(87)90182-3","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid as a marker of thymine catabolism in malignancy","volume":"165","author":"van Gennip","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddh303","article-title":"\u03b2-Ureidopropionase deficiency: an inborn error of pyrimidine degradation associated with neurological abnormalities","volume":"13","author":"van Kuilenburg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031463","article-title":"New insights in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency: a pivotal role for beta-aminoisobutyric acid?","volume":"379","author":"van Kuilenburg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200202010-00002","article-title":"Evidence of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated genetic and structural defects of mitochondria in adipose tissue of HIV-infected patients","volume":"29","author":"Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C111","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00715.2025","article-title":"Systemic metabolite kinetics mirror skeletal muscle energy metabolism during acute aerobic exercise","volume":"330","author":"Walzik","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2016.12.005","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid ameliorates the renal fibrosis in mouse obstructed kidneys via inhibition of renal fibroblast activation and fibrosis","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0766-y","article-title":"Quantification of aminobutyric acids and their clinical applications as biomarkers for osteoporosis","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150739","article-title":"Oct-B: a derivative of L-BAIBA significantly alleviating high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice","volume":"734","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy270","article-title":"Today's Ccallenges to De-Risk and Ppedict Ddug Ssfety in Hhman \"Mind-the-Gap\"","volume":"167","author":"Weaver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"10217","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32472-9","article-title":"The double burden of malnutrition: aetiological pathways and consequences for health","volume":"395","author":"Wells","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib165","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b2 mediates the atheroprotective roles of beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"20","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Atherosclerosis Thromb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1192458","article-title":"Signaling metabolite \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid as a metabolic regulator, biomarker, and potential exercise pill","volume":"14","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14382","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2085583","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid ameliorates hypertensive vascular remodeling via activating the AMPK\/SIRT1 pathway in VSMCs","volume":"13","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.01.040","article-title":"SGLT2 selective inhibitor ipragliflozin reduces body fat mass by increasing fatty acid oxidation in high-fat diet-induced obese rats","volume":"727","author":"Yokono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib169","article-title":"Exercise-generated \u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) reduces cardiomyocyte metabolic stress and apoptosis caused by mitochondrial dysfunction through the miR-208b\/AMPK pathway","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00729-z","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyrics acid, a metabolite of BCAA, activates the AMPK\/Nrf-2 pathway to prevent ferroptosis and ameliorates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-021-03092-7","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid supplementation attenuated salt-sensitive hypertension in dahl salt-sensitive rats through prevention of insufficient fumarase","volume":"54","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.109.030239","article-title":"Disposition of [1'-14C]stavudine after oral administration to humans","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2017.12.005","article-title":"\u03b2-Aminoisobutyric acid accelerates the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells via moderate activation of ROS signaling","volume":"81","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.722908","article-title":"FABP3 deficiency exacerbates metabolic derangement in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure via PPAR\u03b1 pathway","volume":"8","author":"Zhuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299926003614?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299926003614?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T01:44:24Z","timestamp":1778723064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299926003614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":174,"alternative-id":["S0014299926003614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The history of \u03b2-aminoisobutyric acid: from a waste metabolite to a druggable compound for metabolic disease. A narrative review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.178879","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"178879"}}