{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:54:35Z","timestamp":1791564875974,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004775","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26JRRA360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26JRRA360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T09:44:47Z","timestamp":1789119887000},"page":"179336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Gut microbiota in kidney transplantation: Mechanistic insights and implications for precision immunosuppression"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1034","author":[{"given":"Yalong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiming","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangwei","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-025-00934-5","article-title":"Advances and challenges in kidney fibrosis therapeutics","volume":"21","author":"Abbad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-026-04951-9","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome and acute transplanted kidney rejection - results of a single-center, case-control study","volume":"27","author":"Adamczak","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2102878","article-title":"Microbiota-derived metabolites as drivers of gut-brain communication","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"10196","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31266-8","article-title":"The evolution of the use of faecal microbiota transplantation and emerging therapeutic indications","volume":"394","author":"Allegretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab114","article-title":"Potential interactions between uraemic toxins and drugs: an application in kidney transplant recipients treated with calcineurin inhibitors","volume":"37","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10040142","article-title":"Microbiome-Metabolome signature of Acute Kidney injury","volume":"10","author":"Andrianova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"7480","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.07.016","article-title":"Intragraft transcriptome level of CXCL9 as biomarker of acute cellular rejection after liver transplantation","volume":"178","author":"Asaoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-024-00865-z","article-title":"Robotic kidney transplantation","volume":"21","author":"Basile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15480","article-title":"Two-year outcomes in de novo renal transplant recipients receiving everolimus-facilitated calcineurin inhibitor reduction regimen from the TRANSFORM study","volume":"19","author":"Berger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00914-6","article-title":"Intrarenal 1-methoxypyrene, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, mediates progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis in mice","volume":"43","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2026.2642487","article-title":"Targeting the gut-kidney axis to improve kidney transplantation prognosis: from mechanisms to clinical intervention strategies","volume":"48","author":"Cao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0297-2","article-title":"Plant-based diets to manage the risks and complications of chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Carrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001934","article-title":"Association of gut microbiota with allograft injury in kidney transplant recipients: a comparative profiling through 16S metagenomics and quantitative PCR","volume":"73","author":"Charles","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae214","article-title":"Kidney transplantation and gut microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110684","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate, a tubular toxin, contributes to the development of chronic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15058","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent and severe Clostridium difficile infection in solid organ transplant recipients: a multicenter experience","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28725-9","article-title":"Gut microbiome and metabolite signatures for predicting acute kidney transplant rejection: a prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103844","article-title":"Urinary metabolomic profiling from spontaneous tolerant kidney transplanted recipients shows enrichment in tryptophan-derived metabolites","volume":"77","author":"Colas","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20230779","article-title":"A normative microbiome is not restored following kidney transplantation","volume":"137","author":"Craven","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910437","article-title":"Drug-Resistant E. coli bacteremia transmitted by fecal Microbiota transplant","volume":"381","author":"DeFilipp","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3077","article-title":"Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics is associated with Gut Microbiota diversity in kidney transplant patients: results from a pilot cross-sectional Study","volume":"115","author":"Degraeve","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01578-y","article-title":"Gut microbiome modulates tacrolimus pharmacokinetics through the transcriptional regulation of ABCB1","volume":"11","author":"Degraeve","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frtra.2023.1182534","article-title":"Reduced immunomodulatory metabolite concentrations in peri-transplant fecal samples from heart allograft recipients","volume":"2","author":"Dela Cruz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Transplant"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.043","article-title":"A dietary fiber-deprived gut microbiota degrades the colonic mucus barrier and enhances pathogen susceptibility","volume":"167","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Di Vincenzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000005187","article-title":"Chronic rejection after Kidney Transplantation","volume":"109","author":"Diebold","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1395421","article-title":"Contribution of tryptophan and its metabolites to transplant outcome: a mini-review","volume":"15","author":"Donoso-Meneses","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-025-02142-6","article-title":"Microbiome-derived reactivation of mycophenolate explains variations in enterohepatic recirculation in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"13","author":"Drevland","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13830","article-title":"Long-Term outcomes in Belatacept- versus cyclosporine-treated recipients of extended criteria donor kidneys: final results from BENEFIT-EXT, a phase III randomized Study","volume":"16","author":"Durrbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00933-y","article-title":"Antibiotic perturbations to the gut microbiome","volume":"21","author":"Fishbein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2020.12.001","article-title":"Microphysiological systems to recapitulate the gut-kidney axis","volume":"39","author":"Giordano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9020052","article-title":"p-Cresyl sulfate","volume":"9","author":"Gryp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib34","first-page":"1401","article-title":"[Gut microbiota in renal transplant recipients, patients with chronic kidney disease and healthy subjects]","volume":"38","author":"Guirong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.118.084772","article-title":"Commensal gut bacteria convert the immunosuppressant tacrolimus to less potent metabolites","volume":"47","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.70047","article-title":"Calcineurin inhibitor associated nephrotoxicity in kidney Transplantation-A transplant nephrologist's perspective","volume":"241","author":"Hansen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.15158","article-title":"Microbial and metabolic features in renal transplant recipients with post-transplantation diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.02.010","article-title":"Gut microbiome alterations precede graft rejection in kidney transplantation patients","volume":"25","author":"Holle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220642","article-title":"The long-term consequences of antibiotic therapy: role of colonic short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) system and intestinal barrier integrity","volume":"14","author":"Holota","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12426","article-title":"Multicenter validation of urinary CXCL9 as a risk-stratifying biomarker for kidney transplant injury","volume":"13","author":"Hricik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-025-00705-4","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates immunosuppressant-associated diarrhea and recurrent urinary tract infection in kidney transplant recipients: a retrospective analysis","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1015825","article-title":"Crosstalk between gut microbiota and renal ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310376","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors affect the gut microbiome","volume":"65","author":"Imhann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.033","article-title":"Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria","volume":"139","author":"Ivanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.125140","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-kidney axis in health and renal disease","volume":"22","author":"Jin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.12659\/AOT.893721","article-title":"Dynamics and diagnostic relevance of Kynurenine Serum level after Kidney Transplantation","volume":"20","author":"Kaden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12301","article-title":"Modulation of alloimmune response by commensal gut microbiota and potential new avenues to influence the outcome of allogeneic transplantation by modification of the 'gut culture'","volume":"44","author":"Kanangat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf206","article-title":"Complement activation in kidney transplantation","volume":"41","author":"Kanbay","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2026.2644711","article-title":"Synbiotic supplementation reduces intestinal permeability and inflammation in overweight or obese kidney transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Karimi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib50","first-page":"44","article-title":"Two decades of minimally invasive surgery in solid organ transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Kartik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Clin Transplant"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F568","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00659.2009","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate inhibits proliferation of human proximal tubular cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"299","author":"Kawakami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620967898","article-title":"A standardised model for stool banking for faecal microbiota transplantation: a consensus report from a multidisciplinary UEG working group","volume":"9","author":"Keller","year":"2021","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122709","article-title":"A common rejection module (CRM) for acute rejection across multiple organs identifies novel therapeutics for organ transplantation","volume":"210","author":"Khatri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2430-y","article-title":"Peritubular capillary rarefaction: a new therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease","volume":"29","author":"Kida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib55","article-title":"Effect of the similarity of gut microbiota composition between donor and recipient on graft function after living donor kidney transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411456","article-title":"Gut microbiome and microbiome-derived metabolites in patients with end-stage kidney disease","volume":"24","author":"Koshida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-026-02259-w","article-title":"Host factors dictate gut microbiome alterations in chronic kidney disease more strongly than kidney function","volume":"11","author":"Krukowski","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2024.03.018","article-title":"Tiny heroes: Microbiota-modified bile acid metabolites protect against drug-induced gut damage","volume":"24","author":"Kwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03283.x","article-title":"Long-term renal allograft survival in the United States: a critical reappraisal","volume":"11","author":"Lamb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227373","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition alterations are associated with the onset of diabetes in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"15","author":"Lecronier","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122399","article-title":"Gut microbiota and tacrolimus dosing in kidney transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6791","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ady5217","article-title":"Host-derived nitrate fuels indole production by Escherichia coli to drive chronic kidney disease progression","volume":"391","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04432-3","article-title":"Gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles of tacrolimus-induced DILI in renal transplant recipients: a population-based case control study","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib64","article-title":"BHLHE40 orchestrates effector tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells and limits long-term survival of kidney graft","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05532-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates oxidative stress and inflammation: a double-edged sword in renal fibrosis","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-026-06176-3","article-title":"Renal fibrosis is induced by hyperactive Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway via microbial-mediated tryptophan metabolism-driven AhR signaling in rodents and humans","volume":"83","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib67","article-title":"Gut microbiota and renal fibrosis: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/IMNA-D-24-00027","article-title":"Kidney fibrosis: fundamental questions, challenges, and perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Integrative Medicine in Nephrology and Andrology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101397","article-title":"Effect of Gut Microbiota from patients with uremia on body weight and microinflammation in rats","volume":"156","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2022.08.013","article-title":"Pain interference in end stage kidney disease is associated with changes in gut Microbiome features before and after kidney Transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Lockwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Manag. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib71","article-title":"Differences in gut microbiota composition are an important reason for lower serum p-cresol sulfate levels in anuric peritoneal dialysis patients compared to hemodialysis patients","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Microb. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03141-z","article-title":"Rapid intestinal and systemic metabolic reprogramming in an immunosuppressed environment","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MO00279A","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome and metabolome analyses reveal metabolic disorders in the early stage of renal transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Omics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13467-w","article-title":"Gut uropathogen abundance is a risk factor for development of bacteriuria and urinary tract infection","volume":"10","author":"Magruder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092562","article-title":"Pharmacomicrobiomics of classical immunosuppressant drugs: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Manes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0474-8","article-title":"Gut microbes contribute to variation in solid organ transplant outcomes in mice","volume":"6","author":"McIntosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122792","article-title":"Gut microbial dysbiosis and implications in solid organ transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Medina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01148-w","article-title":"Sirtuin 6 protects against podocyte injury by blocking the renin-angiotensin system by inhibiting the Wnt1\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"45","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001141","article-title":"High-Fat diet-induced obesity enhances allograft rejection","volume":"100","author":"Molinero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-023-03500-9","article-title":"The role of gut-dependent molecule trimethylamine N-oxide as a novel target for the treatment of chronic kidney disease","volume":"55","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.01.008","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on fecal Microbiota-Based therapies for select gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"166","author":"Peery","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0912965","article-title":"Gene-expression profiling for rejection surveillance after cardiac transplantation","volume":"362","author":"Pham","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI153403","article-title":"Host-versus-commensal immune responses participate in the rejection of colonized solid organ transplants","volume":"132","author":"Pirozzolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw009","article-title":"The influence of renal transplantation on retained microbial-human co-metabolites","volume":"31","author":"Poesen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00252-25","article-title":"Dual associations of gut and oral microbial networks with kidney transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004656","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota transplant in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"107","author":"Rodig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31819574e9","article-title":"CXCR3 antagonism impairs the development of donor-reactive, IFN-gamma-producing effectors and prolongs allograft survival","volume":"87","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6030934","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor-activating effect of uremic toxins from tryptophan metabolism: a new concept to understand cardiovascular complications of chronic kidney disease","volume":"6","author":"Sall\u00e9e","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","article-title":"The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics","volume":"18","author":"Salminen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5500\/wjt.v14.i1.90194","article-title":"Update on the reciprocal interference between immunosuppressive therapy and gut microbiota after kidney transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Salvadori","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v15.i1.115357","article-title":"Gut-kidney axis: dysbiosis and renal disease","volume":"15","author":"Salvadori","year":"2026","journal-title":"World J. Nephrol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2024.11.018","article-title":"Delivery of butyrate to the lower gut by polymeric micelles prolongs survival of distal skin allografts","volume":"25","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2024.03.020","article-title":"Coordinated elimination of bacterial taxa optimally attenuates alloimmunity and prolongs allograft survival","volume":"24","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6456","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002679","article-title":"Focusing on the gut-kidney axis: the global clinical landscape of gut microbial therapy for kidney disease","volume":"111","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14397","article-title":"The prognostic importance of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid CXCL9 during minimal acute rejection on the risk of chronic lung allograft dysfunction","volume":"18","author":"Shino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04366-7","article-title":"Single cell analysis of kynurenine and System L amino acid transport in T cells","volume":"9","author":"Sinclair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6145","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58084-w","article-title":"TMAO enhances TNF-\u03b1 mediated fibrosis and release of inflammatory mediators from renal fibroblasts","volume":"14","author":"Stefania","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16015","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism as a 'reflex' feature of neuroimmune communication: sensor and effector functions for the indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase kynurenine pathway","volume":"168","author":"Stone","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0307-3","article-title":"GABA-modulating bacteria of the human gut microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Strandwitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1177\/10998004241227560","article-title":"Associations between gut microbial features and sickness symptoms in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"26","author":"Sung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020386","article-title":"Characteristics and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome in renal transplant recipients","volume":"9","author":"Swarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43431-8","article-title":"Health-related quality of life is linked to the gut microbiome in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"14","author":"Swarte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"660","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abn7566","article-title":"Gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with increased mortality after solid organ transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Swarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-331441","article-title":"Multiple indicators of gut dysbiosis predict all-cause and cause-specific mortality in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"73","author":"Swarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.305360","article-title":"Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) pathway contributes to both development of renal insufficiency and mortality risk in chronic kidney disease","volume":"116","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax2358","article-title":"Vancomycin relieves mycophenolate mofetil-induced gastrointestinal toxicity by eliminating gut bacterial \u03b2-glucuronidase activity","volume":"5","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800033","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum improves tacrolimus-induced hypertension by restoring vascular Redox State and improving eNOS coupling","volume":"62","author":"Toral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001492","article-title":"Immunosuppressive treatment alters secretion of ileal antimicrobial peptides and Gut Microbiota, and favors subsequent colonization by uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"101","author":"Tourret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15010021","article-title":"The gut-kidney axis in chronic kidney diseases","volume":"15","author":"Tsuji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31817b8e4b","article-title":"Prolongation of cardiac and islet allograft survival by a blocking hamster anti-mouse CXCR3 monoclonal antibody","volume":"86","author":"Uppaluri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.345","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease alters intestinal microbial flora","volume":"83","author":"Vaziri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000345969","article-title":"Role of urea in intestinal barrier dysfunction and disruption of epithelial tight junction in chronic kidney disease","volume":"37","author":"Vaziri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506027","article-title":"Belatacept and long-term outcomes in Kidney Transplantation","volume":"374","author":"Vincenti","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.01.031","article-title":"Management of kidney transplant recipients by general nephrologists: core curriculum 2019","volume":"73","author":"Voora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14228032","article-title":"Distinct gut microbiome signatures in hemodialysis and kidney transplant populations","volume":"14","author":"Voroneanu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-11069-x","article-title":"Gut microbiota alterations associated with antibody-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S401414","article-title":"Shifts in intestinal metabolic profile among kidney transplantation recipients with antibody-mediated rejection","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Therapeut. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.448","article-title":"-Cresyl sulfate causes renal tubular cell damage by inducing oxidative stress by activation of NADPH oxidase","volume":"83","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320204","article-title":"Interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome","volume":"69","author":"Weersma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2021.100668","article-title":"Impact of gut microbiota on kidney transplantation","volume":"36","author":"Winichakoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplant. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12857","article-title":"Tacrolimus concentration to dose ratio in solid organ transplant patients treated with fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"20","author":"Woodworth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019080852","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites induce donor-specific tolerance of kidney allografts through induction of T regulatory cells by short-chain fatty acids","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.186505","article-title":"Rapamycin immunomodulation utilizes time-dependent alterations of lymph node architecture, leukocyte trafficking, and gut microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02517-0","article-title":"Immunosuppressants rewire the gut microbiome-alloimmune axis through time-dependent and tissue-specific mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.11.049","article-title":"Chronic glucocorticoid treatment induced circadian clock disorder leads to lipid metabolism and gut microbiota alterations in rats","volume":"192","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1048076","article-title":"Antibiotic ampicillin induces immune tolerance in renal transplantation by regulating the proportion of intestinal flora in mice","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00060-22","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: current challenges and future landscapes","volume":"37","author":"Yadegar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11112747","article-title":"Unraveling intestinal microbial shifts in ESRD and kidney transplantation: implications for disease-related dysbiosis","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105191","article-title":"The Alteration human of gut microbiota and metabolites before and after renal transplantation","volume":"160","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003","article-title":"Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22","volume":"39","author":"Zelante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02895-w","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effects of proton pump inhibitors on the human gut microbiota","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14260","article-title":"Gut microbiota profiles and fecal beta-glucuronidase activity in kidney transplant recipients with and without post-transplant diarrhea","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.133969","article-title":"Gut microbial-derived metabolites: key players in kidney disease and renal fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02625-x","article-title":"Targeting gut-liver-kidney axis: microbiota-derived metabolites and therapeutic implications","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07465-4","article-title":"Longitudinal profiling of gut microbiota dynamics in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"24","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082189","article-title":"Postbiotics-A step beyond Pre- and probiotics","volume":"12","author":"\u017b\u00f3\u0142kiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299926008186?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014299926008186?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:18:55Z","timestamp":1791562735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014299926008186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":137,"alternative-id":["S0014299926008186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gut microbiota in kidney transplantation: Mechanistic insights and implications for precision immunosuppression","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2026.179336","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"179336"}}