{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:41:17Z","timestamp":1788381677220,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejpn-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Paediatric Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T11:17:29Z","timestamp":1641035849000},"page":"12-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Development of muscle tone impairments in high-risk infants: Associations with cerebral palsy and cystic periventricular leukomalacia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8591-4642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth J.M.","family":"Straathof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa G.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilian J.","family":"Hensens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sacha","family":"La Bastide \u2013 van Gemert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten R.","family":"Heineman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mijna","family":"Hadders-Algra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00406.2006","article-title":"Postural muscle tone in the body axis of healthy humans","volume":"96","author":"Gurfinkel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2008.01.003","article-title":"The evaluation of the hypotonic infant","volume":"15","author":"Bodensteiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00695.x","article-title":"Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe. Surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe: a collaboration of cerebral palsy surveys and registers","volume":"42","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12760","article-title":"Predictors for early diagnosis of cerebral palsy from national registry data","volume":"57","author":"Granild-Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.77.5.659","article-title":"Abnormal truncal muscle tone as a useful early marker for developmental delay in low birth weight infants","volume":"77","author":"Georgieff","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2009000200012","article-title":"Predictive factors for neuromotor abnormalities at the corrected age of 12 months in very low birth weight premature infants","volume":"67","author":"Mello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1689","article-title":"Early, accurate diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy: advances in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"171","author":"Novak","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040861","article-title":"Early diagnostics and early intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders - age-dependent challenges and opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Hadders-Algra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105276","article-title":"Patterns of atypical muscle tone in the general infant population - prevalence and associations with perinatal risk and neurodevelopmental status","volume":"152","author":"Straathof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.30.9.e66","article-title":"The floppy infant: evaluation of hypotonia","volume":"30","author":"Peredo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib11","series-title":"The Examination of the Child with Minor Neurological Dysfunction","author":"Hadders-Algra","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib12","series-title":"Cerebral Palsy: Science and Clinical Practice","first-page":"381","article-title":"Muscle tone, strength, and movement disorders","author":"Hurvitz","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12658","article-title":"Neonatal hypertonia \u2013 a diagnostic challenge","volume":"57","author":"Hart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib14","series-title":"Neurology of the Newborn","first-page":"400","article-title":"Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: clinical aspects","author":"Volpe","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib15","series-title":"Cerebral Palsy: Science and Clinical Practice","first-page":"225","article-title":"Clinical presentation","author":"Carr","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.2019.1590769","article-title":"The development of spasticity with age in 4,162 children with cerebral palsy: a register-based prospective cohort study","volume":"90","author":"Lind\u00e9n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.12-10-e564","article-title":"Cerebral palsy: prevalence, predictability, and parental counseling","volume":"12","author":"McAdams","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2009.03.009","article-title":"Cerebral palsy update","volume":"31","author":"Kr\u00e4geloh-Mann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1610508","article-title":"LEARN2MOVE 0\u20132 years, a randomized early intervention trial for infants at very high risk of cerebral palsy: neuromotor, cognitive, and behavioral outcome","volume":"42","author":"Hielkema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2018.03.001","article-title":"The tonic response to the infant knee jerk as an early sign of cerebral palsy","volume":"119","author":"Hamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03305.x","article-title":"The assessment of minor neurological dysfunction in infancy using the Touwen Infant Neurological Examination: strengths and limitations","volume":"52","author":"Hadders-Algra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03089.x","article-title":"Content validity of the expanded and revised gross motor function classification system","volume":"50","author":"Palisano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(93)90040-2","article-title":"Neurological development during toddling age in normal children and children at risk of developmental disorders","volume":"34","author":"Hempel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20069","article-title":"The neuromotor examination of the preschool child and its prognostic significance","volume":"11","author":"Hadders-Algra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.06.004","article-title":"Neurological condition assessed with the Hempel examination and cognition and behavior at 4 years","volume":"112","author":"Schendelaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib26","unstructured":"R Core Team R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/, last accessed November 17, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-010-0157-4","article-title":"Transient tone abnormalities in high risk infants and cognitive outcome at five years","volume":"47","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00330.x","article-title":"Two distinct forms of minor neurological dysfunction: perspectives emerging from a review of data of the Groningen Perinatal Project","volume":"44","author":"Hadders-Algra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12876","article-title":"Use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in infants with cerebral palsy: a critical review of the literature","volume":"58","author":"Romeo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib30","series-title":"Neurological Development from Birth through 6 Years of Age","author":"Gosselin","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(97)00094-7","article-title":"Which better predicts later outcome in full-term infants: quality of general movements or neurological examination?","volume":"50","author":"Cioni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14739","article-title":"Predictive validity of the hand assessment for infants in infants at risk of unilateral cerebral palsy","volume":"63","author":"Ryll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.10.008","article-title":"Ethological action maps: a paradigm shift for the motor cortex","volume":"20","author":"Graziano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cognit. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr021","article-title":"Motor pathway injury in patients with periventricular leucomalacia and spastic diplegia","volume":"134","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-013-1233-y","article-title":"Imaging the premature brain: ultrasound or MRI?","volume":"55","author":"De Vries","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Paediatric Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S109037982100235X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S109037982100235X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T18:38:46Z","timestamp":1761071926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S109037982100235X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S109037982100235X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-3798"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-3798","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Development of muscle tone impairments in high-risk infants: Associations with cerebral palsy and cystic periventricular leukomalacia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Paediatric Neurology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.12.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Paediatric Neurology Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}