{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T01:51:30Z","timestamp":1780969890759,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJ3041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ3041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejradiology.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Radiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T07:49:44Z","timestamp":1765957784000},"page":"112615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Changes in the cerebral glymphatic system after rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients: A five-year follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yule","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7851-6782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00228","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00228-20","article-title":"Tools and Techniques for Severe Acute respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)\/COVID-19 Detection","volume":"34","author":"Safiabadi Tali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID-19 Condition, a clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03487-9","article-title":"Multimodal neuroimaging exploration of the mechanisms of sleep quality deterioration after SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection","volume":"22","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.04.003","article-title":"The Brain\u2019s Glymphatic System: Current Controversies","volume":"43","author":"Mestre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101572","article-title":"Sleep, cerebrospinal fluid, and the glymphatic system: a systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Chong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432","article-title":"Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels","volume":"523","author":"Louveau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae421","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space: the bias from crossing fibres","author":"Georgiopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun 6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.756249","article-title":"Glymphatic Dysfunction in patients with Ischemic Stroke","volume":"13","author":"Toh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-017-0617-z","article-title":"Evaluation of glymphatic system activity with the diffusion MR technique: diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease cases","volume":"35","author":"Taoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22055","article-title":"Free water elimination and mapping from diffusion MRI","volume":"62","author":"Pasternak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0055","article-title":"MarkVCID Consortium, MRI free water mediates the association between diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space and executive function in four independent middle to aged cohorts","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8541","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14296","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Global brain activity and its coupling with cerebrospinal fluid flow is related to tau pathology","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax5440","article-title":"Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep","volume":"366","author":"Fultz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13789","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, W. Cheng, J.-T. Yu, Glymphatic system dysfunction predicts amyloid deposition, neurodegeneration, and clinical progression in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-00909-0","article-title":"Association of glymphatic system function with peripheral inflammation and motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28797","article-title":"Associations of MRI-Derived Glymphatic System Impairment with Global White Matter damage and Cognitive Impairment in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: a DTI-ALPS Study","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Gen\u00e7, M.S. Buruk, A. \u00d6z\u00e7a\u011flayan, A. Kerim, Alterations in the Glymphatic System and Presence of Small Vessel Disease in Hospitalized and Non-hospitalized COVID Patients: A Study of PSMD Index and DTI-ALPS, Acad Radiol (2025) S1076-6332(25)00124\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab435","article-title":"Persistent white matter changes in recovered COVID-19 patients at the 1-year follow-up","volume":"145","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.79902","article-title":"Dynamic white matter changes in recovered COVID-19 patients: a two-year follow-up study","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0100","first-page":"1885","article-title":"MarkVCID Consortium, Cross-Vendor Test-Retest Validation of Diffusion Tensor image Analysis along the Perivascular Space (DTI-ALPS) for evaluating Glymphatic System Function","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0110","first-page":"1743","article-title":"Decoupling between Brain activity and Cerebrospinal Fluid Movement in Neurological Disorders","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.053","article-title":"Optimization of a free water elimination two-compartment model for diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"103","author":"Hoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2024","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0120","first-page":"e508","article-title":"Current clinical findings of acute neurological syndromes after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.155827","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of dynamic brain changes in patients recovered from COVID-19 without neurological manifestations","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-24-1447","article-title":"Evaluation of glymphatic system dysfunction in patients with insomnia via diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space","volume":"15","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105792","article-title":"COVID-19 is associated with changes in brain function and structure: a multimodal meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"164","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08331-8","article-title":"Altered intrinsic brain activity and functional connectivity in COVID-19 hospitalized patients at 6-month follow-up","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.04.005","article-title":"Association between peripheral inflammation and body mass index on white matter integrity and free water in bipolar II depression","volume":"128","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Lorenz, A. Sathe, D. Zaras, Y. Yang, A. Durant, M.E. Kim, C. Gao, N.R. Newlin, K. Ramadass, P. Kanakaraj, N.M. Khairi, Z. Li, T. Yao, Y. Huo, L. Dumitrescu, N. Shashikumar, K.R. Pechman, T.B. Jackson, A.W. Workmeister, S.L. Risacher, L.L. Beason-Held, Y. An, K. Arfanakis, G. Erus, C. Davatzikos, M. Habes, D. Wang, D. Tosun, A.W. Toga, P.M. Thompson, E.C. Mormino, P. Zhang, K. Schilling, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)The BIOCARD Study TeamThe Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP), M. Albert, W. Kukull, S.A. Biber, B.A. Landman, S.C. Johnson, B. Bendlin, J. Schneider, L.L. Barnes, D.A. Bennett, A.L. Jefferson, S.M. Resnick, A.J. Saykin, T.J. Hohman, D.B. Archer, The effect of Alzheimer\u2019s disease genetic factors on limbic white matter microstructure, Alzheimers Dement 21 (2025) e70130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.70130.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70130"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0155","article-title":"Poor self-reported sleep is associated with prolonged white matter T2 relaxation in psychotic disorders","volume":"15","author":"Yesilkaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02886-x","article-title":"Choroid plexus volume is enlarged in long COVID and associated with cognitive and brain changes","author":"Diez-Cirarda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27016","article-title":"Inflammation-Triggered Enlargement of Choroid Plexus in Subacute COVID-19 patients with Neurological Symptoms","volume":"96","author":"Rau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0720048X25007016?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0720048X25007016?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:33:51Z","timestamp":1773927231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0720048X25007016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0720048X25007016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615","relation":{},"ISSN":["0720-048X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0720-048X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Changes in the cerebral glymphatic system after rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients: A five-year follow-up study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Radiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112615","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112615"}}