{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:06:00Z","timestamp":1780103160571,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012175","name":"Zhejiang Administration Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ZL580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZL580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012175","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejradiology.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Radiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T01:03:18Z","timestamp":1775782998000},"page":"112855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Morphological-biomechanical dual-cornerstone framework: quantitative ultrasound for electrodiagnostically negative carpal tunnel syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinzhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanjie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30231-9","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management","volume":"15","author":"Padua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00521-1","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Dahlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett OM, Sears ED. The Impact of Reference Standard on Diagnostic Testing Characteristics for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review.Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2023;11(7):e5067. Published 2023 Jul 3. doi:10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005067.","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005067"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5816","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005816","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with clinical signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome but negative diagnostic testing","volume":"12","author":"Latario","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.6.1046","article-title":"Magnetic resonance neurography studies of the median nerve before and after carpal tunnel decompression","volume":"96","author":"Cudlip","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.11.1597","article-title":"MR nerve imaging in a prospective cohort of patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Jarvik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-019-03291-0","article-title":"MRI criteria for diagnosis and predicting severity of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1433","article-title":"MRI assessment of recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome after open surgical release of the median nerve","volume":"193","author":"Campagna","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0045","first-page":"88","article-title":"Revisiting ultrasound assessment of median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome: a review","volume":"6","author":"Upadhyaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Musculoskelet. Radiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11201-z","article-title":"Ultrasonography for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: an umbrella review","volume":"269","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16486","article-title":"Sonographic measurement of median nerve cross-sectional area to determine severity of carpal tunnel syndrome: a cautionary tale","volume":"43","author":"Savage","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320011","article-title":"Enhanced diagnosis and severity assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome using combined shear wave elastography and cross-sectional area analysis: a prospective case-control study","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16450","article-title":"Median nerve shear wave elastography is associated with the neurophysiological severity of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Martikkala","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001104","article-title":"Ultrasonographic assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Roomizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447241278972","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of neuromuscular ultrasound vs. electrodiagnostic studies for carpal tunnel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis of paired accuracy studies","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.12.012","article-title":"Expert consensus on the combined investigation of carpal tunnel syndrome with electrodiagnostic tests and neuromuscular ultrasound","volume":"135","author":"Pelosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0085","first-page":"869","article-title":"External wrist ratio is not a proxy for internal carpal tunnel shape: implications for evaluating carpal tunnel syndrome risk","volume":"37","author":"Loomis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braham S, Moussa A, Bouhoula M, et al. Exploring ultrasound and electromyography for carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosis: a comprehensive comparative study and implications for occupational medicine.Front Neurol. 2024;15:1490873. Published 2024 Dec 11. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2024.1490873.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1490873"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1790561","article-title":"Multiparametric ultrasound assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome: beyond nerve cross-sectional area","volume":"28","author":"Toma\u017ein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Musculoskelet. Radiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-024-00959-9","article-title":"Comparing the efficacy of multiple quantitative and qualitative ultrasound parameters for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002701","article-title":"Diagnostic value of median nerve cross-sectional area measured by ultrasonography for the severity of carpal tunnel syndrome: a machine learning-based approach","volume":"104","author":"Azizi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mianehsaz E, Talari H, Naghavi Ravandi M, et al. Evaluating Various Ultrasound Criteria for Determining Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Severity.Radiol Res Pract. 2025;2025:4936187. Published 2025 Aug 19. doi:10.1155\/rrp\/4936187.","DOI":"10.1155\/rrp\/4936187"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.06.011","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography vs. electromyography in carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review of literature","volume":"37","author":"Roll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23389","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline: neuromuscular ultrasound for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Cartwright","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2006.01.020","article-title":"The use of diagnostic ultrasound in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Wiesler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2321030071","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnostic usefulness of sonography","volume":"232","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23426","article-title":"Median nerve ultrasound as a screening tool in carpal tunnel syndrome: correlation of cross-sectional area measures with electrodiagnostic abnormality","volume":"46","author":"Mhoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.O.00476","article-title":"A comparison of three diagnostic tests for carpal tunnel syndrome using latent class analysis","volume":"97","author":"Fowler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447211038701","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of electrodiagnostic testing and ultrasonography for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1637-5","article-title":"The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"469","author":"Fowler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salman Roghani R, Hashemi SE, Holisaz MT, Gohari F, Delbari A, Lokk J. The diagnostic accuracy of median nerve ultrasonography in elderly patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: sensitivity and specificity assessment.Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:1953-1962. Published 2018 Oct 11. doi:10.2147\/CIA.S177307.","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S177307"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.01.101","article-title":"The ultrasonographic wrist-to-forearm median nerve area ratio in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Hobson-Webb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.05.013","article-title":"The value of ultrasonographic measurement in carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with negative electrodiagnostic tests","volume":"56","author":"Koyuncuoglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elseddik M, Mostafa RR, Elashry A, et al. Predicting CTS Diagnosis and Prognosis Based on Machine Learning Techniques.Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(3):492. Published 2023 Jan 29. doi:10.3390\/diagnostics13030492.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030492"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113444","article-title":"Reliability of ultrasound measurements of the median nerve in asymptomatic subjects using a handheld device","volume":"24","author":"Alfuraih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.01250","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasound and electrodiagnostic testing for diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: study using a validated clinical tool as the reference standard","volume":"96","author":"Fowler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-3023-7","article-title":"Median nerve stiffness measurement by shear wave elastography: a potential sonographic method in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Kantarci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.07.409","article-title":"Utility of ultrasound elastography in evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-022-04143-0","article-title":"Shear wave elastography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and grading carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Sernik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.10.020","article-title":"Utility of shear wave elastography and high-definition color for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"135","author":"Sung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15111","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnostic usefulness of ultrasound measurement of the median nerve area and quantitative elastographic measurement of the median nerve stiffness","volume":"39","author":"Moran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0210","first-page":"111","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of integrating ultrasound and shear wave elastography in assessing carpal tunnel syndrome severity: a prospective observational study","volume":"16","author":"El-Maghraby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orthop. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14213","article-title":"Diagnostic value of virtual touch tissue imaging quantification for evaluating median nerve stiffness in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.02.005","article-title":"Evaluation of median nerve by shear wave elastography and diffusion tensor imaging in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Cingoz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu H, Zhao HJ, Xue WL, Wang YC, Zhang WY, Wang XL. Ultrasound and elastography role in pre- and post-operative evaluation of median neuropathy in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.Front Neurol. 2022;13:1079737. Published 2022 Dec 16. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2022.1079737.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1079737"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0230","first-page":"2399","article-title":"Diagnostic efficacy of high-frequency Grey-scale ultrasonography and Sono-elastography in grading the severity of carpal tunnel syndrome in comparison to nerve conduction studies","volume":"53","author":"Prakash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.34.772","article-title":"Effectiveness of ultrasound and median nerve gliding with and without shock-wave therapy in patients with moderate carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.12.023","article-title":"On the challenges associated with obtaining reproducible measurements using SWEI in the median nerve","volume":"46","author":"Knight","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhalke P, Pattath Sankaran P, Prabhu AN, Kadavigere R, Koteshwara P. Diagnostic cut-off values and grading of carpal tunnel syndrome by shear wave elastography at different tunnel locations correlated with gold standard nerve conduction study - a case-control study.J Ultrason. 2025;25(101):20250017. Published 2025 Jun 30. doi:10.15557\/jou.2025.0017.","DOI":"10.15557\/JoU.2025.0017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.832569","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of superb microvascular imaging and power doppler ultrasonography for visualizing enriched microvascular flow in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Endo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6862","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006862","article-title":"Value of superb microvascular imaging ultrasonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: compared with color Doppler and power Doppler","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-014-0779-4","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of the median nerve: a biomarker that can help in setting a treat to target approach tailored for carpal tunnel syndrome patients","volume":"4","author":"El Miedany","year":"2015","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2012.31.5.729","article-title":"Relationship between intraneural vascular flow measured with sonography and carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosis based on electrodiagnostic testing","volume":"31","author":"Evans","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09262-9","article-title":"Impaired median nerve mobility in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang YT, Chen CJ, Wang YW, Peng PL, Luo YT, Horng YS. Ultrasonographical Evaluation of the Median Nerve Mobility in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(10):2349. Published 2022 Sep 28. doi:10.3390\/diagnostics12102349.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102349"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.24.08491-0","article-title":"Successful evaluation of a new image-based parameter for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: ultrasound assessment of longitudinal median nerve gliding in patients, healthy volunteers, and cadavers","volume":"60","author":"Rossmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27437","article-title":"An ultrasound study of the mobility of the median nerve during composite finger movement in the healthy young wrist","volume":"65","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.23505","article-title":"Application of ultrasound images-based radiomics in carpal tunnel syndrome: without measuring the median nerve cross-sectional area","volume":"51","author":"Lyu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.109518","article-title":"Accurate automated diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome using radiomics features with ultrasound images: a comparison with radiologists' assessment","volume":"136","author":"Faeghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16491","article-title":"Median nerve cross-sectional area and carpal tunnel syndrome in specific populations: sonographic analysis of patients with type 2 diabetes or bifid anatomy","volume":"43","author":"Savage","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0305","article-title":"The impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in median nerve area in the wrist joint: a case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Abdullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-023-03512-5","article-title":"Utility of shear wave elastography for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome with psoriatic arthritis","volume":"193","author":"Tezcan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayegani SM, Malekmahmoodi R, Aalipour K, Nouri F. The relationship between ultrasound and electrodiagnostic findings in relation of the severity of carpal tunnel syndrome.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):864. Published 2024 Oct 29. doi:10.1186\/s12891-024-07987-w.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07987-w"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144487","article-title":"Changes in ultrasound parameters of the median nerve at different positions of the radiocarpal joint in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Wolny","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/87564793231176009","article-title":"Sonographic reference values for median nerve cross-sectional area: a meta-analysis of data from healthy individuals","volume":"39","author":"Roll","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diagn. Med. Sonogr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26810","article-title":"Quality measures in electrodiagnosis: carpal tunnel syndrome-an AANEM quality measure set","volume":"61","author":"Zivkovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28176","article-title":"Multi\u2010society working group for electrodiagnosis quality measures in CTS. Refining quality measures for electrodiagnostic testing in suspected carpal tunnel syndrome to account for acceptable variations in practice: expert review process","volume":"70","author":"Shetty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Academy of Neurology, and American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Practice parameter for electrodiagnostic studies in carpal tunnel syndrome: summary statement.Muscle Nerve. 2002;25(6):918-922. doi:10.1002\/mus.10185.","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10185"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0345","first-page":"1392","article-title":"Literature review of the usefulness of nerve conduction studies and electromyography for the evaluation of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Jablecki","year":"1993","journal-title":"AAEM Quality Assurance Committee Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424835525400016","article-title":"The role of confirmatory testing in carpal tunnel syndrome: electrodiagnostic study, Ultrasound and CTS-6","volume":"30","author":"Gabriel","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hand Surg. Asian Pac."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2021.08.004","article-title":"Preoperative evaluation of thenar muscles in carpal tunnel syndrome by ultrasonography","volume":"38","author":"Nagura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8637-2","article-title":"Treatment outcome in patients with clinically defined carpal tunnel syndrome but normal electrodiagnostic test results: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"264","author":"De Kleermaeker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2021.08.008","article-title":"Use of ultrasound in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a cost-effective solution to reduce delays in surgical care","volume":"47","author":"Charles","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Wang H, Ding X, He S. Immersion ultrasound improves the repeatability of shear-wave elastography for measuring median nerve elasticity.J Orthop Surg Res. 2023;18(1):618. Published 2023 Aug 23. doi:10.1186\/s13018-023-04097-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04097-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28004","article-title":"Analysis of the thenar muscles with ultrasound shear wave elastography: reliability and preliminary findings","volume":"69","author":"Iida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26842","article-title":"Influence of limb position on assessment of nerve mechanical properties by using shear wave ultrasound elastography","volume":"61","author":"Rugel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/jmu.JMU-D-25-00010","article-title":"From visualization to automation: a narrative review of deep learning's impact on ultrasound-based median nerve assessment","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Ultrasound"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0720048X26002032?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0720048X26002032?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:41:13Z","timestamp":1780101673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0720048X26002032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S0720048X26002032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855","relation":{},"ISSN":["0720-048X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0720-048X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Morphological-biomechanical dual-cornerstone framework: quantitative ultrasound for electrodiagnostically negative carpal tunnel syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Radiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.112855","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112855"}}