{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:37:33Z","timestamp":1792741053179,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejradiology.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Radiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:31:57Z","timestamp":1787787117000},"page":"113190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Altered Blood-Brain Barrier Water Exchange in Remission-Phase Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A WEPCAST MRI Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"205","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7077-4161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuwan","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9692-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihan","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hualu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiachen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingxin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6641-1724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xihai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mangsuo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.030","article-title":"Structure and function of the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"37","author":"Abbott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Daneman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2017","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier: from physiology to disease and back","volume":"99","author":"Sweeney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300434","article-title":"Sera from neuromyelitis optica patients disrupt the blood-brain barrier","volume":"83","author":"Shimizu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms965oa","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption in multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Minagar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190062","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in health and disease: important unanswered questions","volume":"217","author":"Profaci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910170208","article-title":"Measurement of the blood-brain barrier permeability and leakage space using dynamic MR imaging. 1. fundamental concepts","volume":"17","author":"Tofts","year":"1991","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.09.002","article-title":"Assessment of blood-brain barrier disruption using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Heye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2940","article-title":"Classic models for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI","volume":"26","author":"Sourbron","year":"2013","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7531-0_23","article-title":"Assessment of blood brain barrier leakage with gadolinium-enhanced MRI","volume":"1718","author":"Ku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507076970","article-title":"Quantification of subtle blood-brain barrier disruption in non-enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis: a study of disease and lesion subtypes","volume":"13","author":"Soon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0060","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in non-enhancing multiple sclerosis lesions detected by 7-tesla MP2RAGE \u0394T1 mapping","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103509","article-title":"Quantitative T1 mapping detects blood-brain barrier breakdown in apparently non-enhancing multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"40","author":"Donatelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00501-3","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: disease-related data patterns and evaluation programs","volume":"184","author":"Reiber","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)90298-4","article-title":"Flow rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)\u2014a concept common to normal blood-CSF barrier function and to dysfunction in neurological diseases","volume":"122","author":"Reiber","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70133-3","article-title":"Aquaporin 4 and neuromyelitis optica","volume":"11","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.5.1477","article-title":"Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier precedes symptoms and other MRI signs of new lesions in multiple sclerosis: pathogenetic and clinical implications","volume":"113","author":"Kermode","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22472","article-title":"Evolution of the blood-brain barrier in newly forming multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"70","author":"Gait\u00e1n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27141","article-title":"Non-contrast MR imaging of blood-brain barrier permeability to water","volume":"80","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28687","article-title":"Noncontrast assessment of blood-brain barrier permeability to water: shorter acquisition, test-retest reproducibility, and comparison with contrast-based method","volume":"86","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11634-0","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD)\u2014revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part I: diagnosis and differential diagnosis","volume":"270","author":"Jarius","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24866","article-title":"Optimization of phase-contrast MRI for the quantification of whole-brain cerebral blood flow","volume":"42","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2016.93","article-title":"MRICloud: delivering high-throughput MRI neuroinformatics as cloud-based software as a service","volume":"18","author":"Mori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0130","first-page":"548","article-title":"Multi-atlas segmentation with robust label transfer and label fusion","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22245","article-title":"Estimation of labeling efficiency in pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling","volume":"63","author":"Aslan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20178","article-title":"Determining the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of blood at 3.0 tesla","volume":"52","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.032","article-title":"An automated tool for detection of FLAIR-hyperintense white-matter lesions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.149.2.351","article-title":"MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging","volume":"149","author":"Fazekas","year":"1987","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e311","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000311","article-title":"Effects of neuromyelitis optica-IgG at the blood-brain barrier in vitro","volume":"4","author":"Takeshita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00648","article-title":"Blood brain barrier permeability could be a biomarker to predict severity of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a retrospective analysis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0720048X26005383?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0720048X26005383?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:38:43Z","timestamp":1792737523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0720048X26005383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S0720048X26005383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190","relation":{},"ISSN":["0720-048X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0720-048X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Altered Blood-Brain Barrier Water Exchange in Remission-Phase Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A WEPCAST MRI Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Radiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2026.113190","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113190"}}