{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:57:33Z","timestamp":1789768653553,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000761","name":"Imperial College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejso.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Surgical Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,19]],"date-time":"2020-04-19T09:55:14Z","timestamp":1587290114000},"page":"503-513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Epidemiology of HPB malignancy in the elderly"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-9137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marinos","family":"Pericleous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2538-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahid A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib1","first-page":"394","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2011.131","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis and staging of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Blechacz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.10.013","article-title":"Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"145","author":"Rizvi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.157","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma - evolving concepts and therapeutic strategies","volume":"15","author":"Rizvi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.09.007","article-title":"Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Clements","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2017.22","article-title":"Dichotomy in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas based on histologic similarities to hilar cholangiocarcinomas","volume":"30","author":"Akita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000251366.62632.d3","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma: thirty-one-year experience with 564 patients at a single institution","volume":"245","author":"DeOliveira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14095","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma: epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"39","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.5.933","article-title":"Hepatitis B and C virus, Clonorchis sinensis for the risk of liver cancer: a case-control study in Pusan, Korea","volume":"25","author":"Shin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920915)70:6<1498::AID-CNCR2820700609>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Histologic types, stage of disease, grade, and survival rates","volume":"70","author":"Henson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-828889","article-title":"The epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Shaib","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib12","first-page":"7","article-title":"Cancer statistics","volume":"69","author":"Siegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj234","article-title":"Impact of classification of hilar cholangiocarcinomas (Klatskin tumors) on the incidence of intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States","volume":"98","author":"Welzel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3276-2","article-title":"Secular trends in the incidence of cholangiocarcinoma in the USA and the impact of misclassification","volume":"59","author":"Tyson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13954","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma in Germany: epidemiologic trends and impact of misclassification","volume":"39","author":"Walter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12188","article-title":"Time and deprivation trends in incidence of primary liver cancer subtypes in England","volume":"20","author":"Konfortion","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.51","article-title":"Expert consensus document: cholangiocarcinoma: current knowledge and future perspectives consensus statement from the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS-CCA)","volume":"13","author":"Banales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib18","series-title":"AMMF CCA conference","article-title":"Age-standardised incidence rates for cholangiocarcinoma in England","author":"Genus","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007302","article-title":"Recent advances in the management of cholangiocarcinomas","volume":"14","author":"Vauthey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds652","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of trends in mortality from primary liver cancer and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Europe","volume":"24","author":"Bertuccio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2012.00549.x","article-title":"Results of pancreatic surgery in the elderly: is age a barrier?","volume":"15","author":"Oliveira-Cunha","year":"2013","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44995","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5707","article-title":"Patterns of care and treatment outcomes in older patients with biliary tract cancer","volume":"6","author":"Horgan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.6.816","article-title":"Increase in mortality rates from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in England and Wales 1968-1998","volume":"48","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-017-4215-0","article-title":"Are incidental gallbladder cancers missed with a selective approach of gallbladder histology at cholecystectomy?","volume":"42","author":"Lundgren","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2017.11.006","article-title":"The risk of incidental gallbladder cancer is negligible in macroscopically normal cholecystectomy specimens","volume":"20","author":"Koppatz","year":"2018","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i4.1315","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of incidental or unsuspected gallbladder cancers diagnosed during or after cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2015.0013","article-title":"Routine versus selective histological examination after cholecystectomy to exclude incidental gallbladder carcinoma","volume":"97","author":"Emmett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11035","article-title":"Systematic review of management of incidental gallbladder cancer after cholecystectomy","volume":"106","author":"Soreide","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19951115)76:10<1747::AID-CNCR2820761011>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Risk factors for gallbladder cancer. An international collaborative case-control study","volume":"76","author":"Strom","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-1-30","article-title":"Gallstones, gallbladder cancer, and other gastrointestinal malignancies. An epidemiologic study in Rochester, Minnesota","volume":"107","author":"Maringhini","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604047","article-title":"Gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: a population-based study in China","volume":"97","author":"Hsing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib32","first-page":"222","article-title":"Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder: a 10-year experience","volume":"74","author":"Paraskevopoulos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(03)01021-0","article-title":"Carcinoma of the gallbladder","volume":"4","author":"Misra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib34","first-page":"529","article-title":"The scope of radical surgery in the treatment of malignant tumors of the extrahepatic biliary tract","volume":"99","author":"Glenn","year":"1954","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.11.019","article-title":"Gallbladder disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"48","author":"Said","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000495","article-title":"Sequential occurrence of preneoplastic lesions and accumulation of loss of heterozygosity in patients with gallbladder stones suggest causal association with gallbladder cancer","volume":"260","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18160","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18160","article-title":"Variants and haplotypes in Flap endonuclease 1 and risk of gallbladder cancer and gallstones: a population-based study in China","volume":"5","author":"Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-468","article-title":"Inflammatory gene variants and the risk of biliary tract cancers and stones: a population-based study in China","volume":"12","author":"Castro","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.875_d.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evidence of association of polyps and stones with gallbladder cancer","volume":"94","author":"Okamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(99)90295-2","article-title":"Gallbladder adenomas have molecular abnormalities different from those present in gallbladder carcinomas","volume":"30","author":"Wistuba","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib41","series-title":"Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, and diagnosis","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib42","author":"Cancer Research UK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21683","article-title":"Gallbladder cancer worldwide: geographical distribution and risk factors","volume":"118","author":"Randi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950101)75:1+<171::AID-CNCR2820751306>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Liver, gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts, and pancreas","volume":"75","author":"Carriaga","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4575-3","article-title":"Gallbladder cancer: review of a rare orphan gastrointestinal cancer with a focus on populations of New Mexico","volume":"18","author":"Nemunaitis","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1713263","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"380","author":"Villanueva","year":"2019","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0186-y","article-title":"A\u00a0global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.2996","article-title":"Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"5","author":"Global Burden of Disease Cancer","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.3055","article-title":"The burden of primary liver cancer and underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the global, regional, and national level: results from the global burden of disease study 2015","volume":"3","author":"Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013215","article-title":"Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"347","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.1.65","article-title":"Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level","volume":"295","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji043","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus genotype and DNA level and hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in men","volume":"97","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.01.019","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma development: a meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Raimondi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28123","article-title":"Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States from 2004 to 2009","volume":"62","author":"Younossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.08.010","article-title":"Trends in the burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a United States cohort of veterans","volume":"14","author":"Kanwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26165","article-title":"Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib57","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and cancer: umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies","volume":"350","author":"Tsilidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30018-8","article-title":"Distinctive features of hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"1","author":"Degasperi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28368","article-title":"Clinical patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a multicenter prospective study","volume":"63","author":"Piscaglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90856-8","article-title":"Primary liver cancer in genetic hemochromatosis: a clinical, pathological, and pathogenetic study of 54 cases","volume":"104","author":"Deugnier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.22506","article-title":"Increased cancer risk in a cohort of 230 patients with hereditary hemochromatosis in comparison to matched control patients with non-iron-related chronic liver disease","volume":"33","author":"Fracanzani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000228350.61496.90","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chronic liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency","volume":"60","author":"Perlmutter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198603203141202","article-title":"Risk of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency","volume":"314","author":"Eriksson","year":"1986","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80097-5","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with acute hepatic porphyria: frequency of occurrence and related factors","volume":"32","author":"Andant","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00160-X","article-title":"Liver cancer risk is increased in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda in comparison to matched control patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"35","author":"Fracanzani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.05.024","article-title":"Primary hepatocellular neoplasms in a MODY3 family with a novel HNF1A germline mutation","volume":"59","author":"Willson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.09.022","article-title":"Glycogen storage disease type III-hepatocellular carcinoma a long-term complication?","volume":"46","author":"Demo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55780-9_9","article-title":"Liver cancer in tyrosinemia type 1","volume":"959","author":"van Ginkel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib69","series-title":"A\u00a0review of human carcinogens","author":"Meeting IWGotEoCRtH","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.02.009","article-title":"Population attributable risk of aflatoxin-related liver cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-0023","article-title":"Herbal medicine containing aristolochic acid and the risk of primary liver cancer in patients with hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan6446","article-title":"Aristolochic acids and their derivatives are widely implicated in liver cancers in Taiwan and throughout Asia","volume":"9","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31544","article-title":"Herbal medicine containing aristolochic acid and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"143","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.10.005","article-title":"Alcohol, tobacco and obesity are synergistic risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Marrero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr395","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors and disease burden in a European cohort: a nested case-control study","volume":"103","author":"Trichopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.20.7753","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2005","volume":"27","author":"Altekruse","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib77","series-title":"Cancer today","author":"Global Cancer Observatory","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-017-1209-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: target population for surveillance and diagnosis","volume":"43","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.061","article-title":"Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"142","author":"El-Serag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12818","article-title":"Global patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma management from diagnosis to death: the BRIDGE Study","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.289","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs at an earlier age in africans, particularly in association with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"110","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib82","series-title":"Trends in liver cancer mortality among adults aged 25 and over in the United States, 2000-2016","first-page":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib83","first-page":"109","article-title":"Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2014, featuring survival","author":"Jemal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000484619","article-title":"Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan as a world-leading model","volume":"7","author":"Kudo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.020","article-title":"Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in all 50 United States, from 2000 through 2012","volume":"152","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib86","author":"Cancer Research UK"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2015.1114675","article-title":"Trends in cancer of the liver, gall bladder, bile duct, and pancreas in elderly in Denmark, 1980-2012","volume":"55","author":"Bjerregaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v56","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv295","article-title":"Cancer of the pancreas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Ducreux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2014.12.007","article-title":"Premalignant cystic neoplasms of the pancreas","volume":"42","author":"Dudeja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01597.x","article-title":"Risk of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in patients with hereditary pancreatitis: a national exhaustive series","volume":"103","author":"Rebours","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20000915)87:6<809::AID-IJC8>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Risk of developing pancreatic cancer in families with familial atypical multiple mole melanoma associated with a specific 19 deletion of p16 (p16-Leiden)","volume":"87","author":"Vasen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.483","article-title":"The incidence of pancreatic cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers","volume":"107","author":"Iqbal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.20228","article-title":"Very high risk of cancer in familial Peutz-Jeghers syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Giardiello","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1529","article-title":"Risk of pancreatic cancer in families with Lynch syndrome","volume":"302","author":"Kastrinos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib95","author":"Cancer Research UK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9694","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i44.9694","article-title":"Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer","volume":"22","author":"Ilic","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1166","article-title":"Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer: global trends, etiology and risk factors","volume":"10","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21100","article-title":"Role of smoking in global and regional cancer epidemiology: current patterns and data needs","volume":"116","author":"Ezzati","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.73.12.1403","article-title":"The temporal relation between cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer","volume":"73","author":"Weiss","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib100","author":"Pancreatic Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.275776.115","article-title":"Genetics and biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Ying","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1404198","article-title":"Pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"371","author":"Ryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw022","article-title":"European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2016 with focus on leukaemias","volume":"27","author":"Malvezzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.20785","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology","volume":"51","author":"Bosetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib105","unstructured":"Surveillance epidemiology and End results. SEER Fact Sheets: Pancreas. ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2006.08.026","article-title":"Surgical risk factors, morbidity, and mortality in elderly patients","volume":"203","author":"Turrentine","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2007.tb00994.x","article-title":"Postoperative complications and mortality in older patients having non-cardiac surgery at three Melbourne teaching hospitals","volume":"186","author":"McNicol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med J Aust"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Surgical Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0748798320303899?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0748798320303899?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:16Z","timestamp":1760060116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0748798320303899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0748798320303899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-7983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-7983","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Epidemiology of HPB malignancy in the elderly","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Surgical Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.222","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd, BASO ~ The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgical Oncology. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}