{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:24:00Z","timestamp":1760711040741,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejso.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Surgical Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T23:18:45Z","timestamp":1658445525000},"page":"2360-2368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Continuing challenges of primary neuroendocrine tumours of the thymus: A concise review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Joel","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Titus","family":"Ioan Cvasciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0422-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mechteld","family":"C de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3318-0357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajeev","family":"Parameswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197204)29:4<1061::AID-CNCR2820290456>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Mediastinal endocrine neoplasm, of probable thymic origin, related to carcinoid tumor. Clinicopathologic study of 8 cases","volume":"29","author":"Rosai","year":"1972","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227197","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic neuroendocrine tumor in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.22183","article-title":"Tumor genetics and survival of thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a multi-institutional clinicopathologic study","volume":"53","author":"Str\u00f6bel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene Chromosome Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/1556984520949287","article-title":"Thymic neuroendocrine tumors and thymic carcinoma: demographics, treatment, and survival","volume":"15","author":"Bakhos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2007.11.004","article-title":"Thymic epithelial tumours: a population-based study of the incidence, diagnostic procedures and therapy","volume":"44","author":"De Jong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181dd4ec4","article-title":"Thymic neuroendocrine tumors: a SEER database analysis of 160 patients","volume":"251","author":"Gaur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib7","article-title":"Neuroendocrine bronchial and thymic tumors: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"23","author":"\u00d6berg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.08.061","article-title":"Outcome of primary neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus: a joint analysis of the international thymic malignancy interest group and the European society of thoracic surgeons databases","volume":"149","author":"Filosso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199807000-00015","article-title":"Thymic carcinoids in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1","volume":"228","author":"Teh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13480","article-title":"Clinical features and prognosis of thymic neuroendocrine tumours associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: a single-centre study, systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-009-9980-y","article-title":"Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1: a Comparative Study on 21 Cases Among a Series of 761 MEN1 from the GTE (Groupe des Tumeurs Endocrines)","volume":"33","author":"Goudet","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.04.015","article-title":"Molecular classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus","volume":"14","author":"Dinter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000654","article-title":"The 2015 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the thymus: continuity and changes","volume":"10","author":"Marx","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"isbn-type":"print","volume":"p115","year":"2017","key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib14","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9781119263579"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-021-09668-z","article-title":"Molecular Pathology of well-differentiated pulmonary and thymic neuroendocrine tumors: what do pathologists need to know?","volume":"32","author":"Volante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.08.002","article-title":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and type 4 (MEN4)","volume":"386","author":"Thakker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0546","article-title":"Whole exome sequencing of thymic neuroendocrine tumor with ectopic ACTH syndrome","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.10.027","article-title":"Chromosomal imbalances in sporadic neuroendocrine tumours of the thymus","volume":"223","author":"Rieker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-08-0325","article-title":"Gene expression profiles of thymic neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids) with ectopic ACTH syndrome reveal novel molecular mechanism","volume":"16","author":"Bi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1309\/3PDN-PMT5-EQTM-H0CD","article-title":"Neuroendocrine carcinomas (carcinoid tumor) of the thymus: a clinicopathologic analysis of 80 cases","volume":"114","author":"Moran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1484","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.10.83","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus","volume":"9","author":"Filosso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2012.03.062","article-title":"Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus: a multicenter experience of 35 patients","volume":"94","author":"Cardillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000660","article-title":"Impact of positive nodal metastases in patients with thymic carcinoma and thymic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"10","author":"Weksler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.1.141","article-title":"A\u00a0clinicopathologic study of 12 neuroendocrine tumors arising in the thymus","volume":"124","author":"Tiffet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2012.12.001","article-title":"Treatment, prognostic markers and survival in thymic neuroendocrine tumours. A study from a single tertiary referral centre","volume":"79","author":"Crona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)03547-6","article-title":"Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus","volume":"74","author":"Chaer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1155","article-title":"Thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid) in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome: the Italian series","volume":"90","author":"Ferolla","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1230","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)","volume":"97","author":"Thakker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib29","series-title":"Atlas of thymic Pathology","first-page":"23","article-title":"Radiology of normal thymus, thymic lesions, and tumors","author":"Jana","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3181ec1380","article-title":"NANETS consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the thorax (includes lung and thymus)","volume":"39","author":"Phan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2010.10.015","article-title":"Molecular imaging of neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"37","author":"Carrasquillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib32","first-page":"602","article-title":"Computed tomography appearance of the thymus and anterior mediastinum in active Cushing's syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Hanson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib33","series-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine for neuroendocrine tumors","first-page":"363","article-title":"Radionuclide imaging of pulmonary and thymic neuroendocrine tumors","author":"Karunanithi","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2006.03.007","article-title":"Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"36","author":"Rufini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.19.3.g99ma11707","article-title":"Thoracic carcinoids: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"19","author":"Rosado de Christenson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005","article-title":"State of the art: MR imaging of thymoma","volume":"23","author":"Carter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imag Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib37","first-page":"2243","article-title":"Presurgical diagnosis of a primary carcinoid tumor of the thymus with MIBG","volume":"36","author":"Hirano","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.6.2368-a","article-title":"PET scanning in thymic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"125","author":"Whitaker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.oa.16-00205","article-title":"The usefulness of positron-emission tomography findings in the management of anterior mediastinal tumors","volume":"23","author":"Kitami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9631-1","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of Gallium-68 somatostatin receptor PET and PET\/CT in patients with thoracic and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: a meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Treglia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-990417","article-title":"68Ga DOTATOC positron emission tomography (PET) signal intensity is positively correlated with somatostatin receptor (ssr) 2 expression in an ACTH-producing thymic carcinoid tumor causing severe Cushing's syndrome in an adolescent boy","volume":"115","author":"Hauffa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib42","first-page":"QC01","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of PET CT in thymic tumours with emphasis on 68Ga-DOTATATE PET CT in thymic neuroendocrine tumour - experience at a tertiary level hospital in India","volume":"8","author":"Hephzibah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2019.20017","article-title":"Molecular imaging for neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"149","author":"Antwi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e318286bd84","article-title":"Combined imaging with 18F-FDG-PET\/CT and 111In-labeled octreotide SPECT for evaluation of thymic epithelial tumors","volume":"38","author":"De Luca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150341","article-title":"CT and MRI findings of thymic carcinoid","volume":"90","author":"Shimamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S100585","article-title":"Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome caused by neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus: 30-year experience with 16 patients at a single institute in the People's Republic of China","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3355","article-title":"Neuroendocrine ACTH-producing tumor of the thymus\u2014experience with 12 patients over 25 years","volume":"97","author":"Neary","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2015-1589","article-title":"Conventional and nuclear medicine imaging in ectopic cushing's syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"100","author":"Isidori","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-006-0113-7","article-title":"99mTc-EDDA\/HYNIC-octreotate scintigraphy, an efficient method for the detection and staging of carcinoid tumours: results of 3 years' experience","volume":"33","author":"Hubalewska-Dydejczyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-009-1349-9","article-title":"68Ga-DOTA-NOC PET\/CT in comparison with CT for the detection of bone metastasis in patients with neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"37","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021314","article-title":"Prospective study of thymic carcinoids in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1","volume":"88","author":"Gibril","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01348.x","article-title":"Malignant thymic carcinoid is not prevented by transcervical thymectomy in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1","volume":"55","author":"Burgess","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5603\/NMR.2016.0017","article-title":"Clinical application of SPECT-CT with 99mTc-Tektrotyd in bronchial and thymic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)","volume":"19","author":"Sergieva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl Med Rev Cent E Eur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivx265","article-title":"Results of treatment for thymic neuroendocrine tumours: multicNucl Med Rev Cent E Eurentre clinicopathological study","volume":"26","author":"Ose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007842","article-title":"Treatment, prognostic markers, and survival in thymic neuroendocrine tumors: a single center experience of 41 patients","volume":"96","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4825-4","article-title":"Long-term survival after surgical treatment of thymic carcinoma: a retrospective analysis from the Chinese alliance for research of thymoma database","volume":"23","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.12868","article-title":"Evaluation of the prognostic value of surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for patients with thymic neuroendocrine tumors: a propensity-matched study based on the SEER database","volume":"9","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thoracic Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.07.050","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus: analysis of factors affecting survival in 254 patients","volume":"103","author":"Sullivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000293","article-title":"The ITMIG\/IASLC thymic epithelial tumors staging project: a proposed lymph node map for thymic epithelial tumors in the forthcoming 8th edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors","volume":"9","author":"Bhora","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2016.03.029","article-title":"Thoracoscopic thymectomy versus open thymectomy for the treatment of thymoma: a meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2015.08.004","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open thymectomy for thymic malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Friedant","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.21037\/gs.2020.03.10","article-title":"Trans-sternotomy versus video-assisted thoracic surgery for early-stage thymoma patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Rusidanmu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyx138","article-title":"JLCS medical practice guidelines for thymic tumors: summary of recommendations","volume":"47","author":"Yokoi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v40","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv277","article-title":"Thymic epithelial tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Girard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivx116","article-title":"Lymph node metastases in thymic malignancies: a Chinese Alliance for Research in Thymomas retrospective database analysis","volume":"25","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2018.04.049","article-title":"Lymph node metastasis in thymic malignancies: a Chinese multicenter prospective observational study","volume":"156","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.01.006","article-title":"Lymph node involvement and the surgical treatment of thymic epithelial and neuroendocrine carcinoma","volume":"107","author":"Cheufou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5085","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13205085","article-title":"Lymph nodes involvement and lymphadenectomy in thymic tumors: tentative answers for unsolved questions","volume":"13","author":"Brascia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2015.09.001","article-title":"Lymph node dissection in thymic malignancies: implication of the ITMIG lymph node map, TNM stage classification, and recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2018.01.025","article-title":"Optimal surgical approach to thymic malignancies: new trends challenging old dogmas","volume":"118","author":"Ruffini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2019.03.004","article-title":"Effect of clinicopathologic features on survival of patients with thymic carcinomas and thymic neuroendocrine tumors: a population-based analysis","volume":"43","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)01017-8","article-title":"Lymphogenous and hematogenous metastasis of thymic epithelial tumors","volume":"76","author":"Kondo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-014-0486-7","article-title":"Multimodality treatment for advanced thymic carcinoma: outcomes of induction therapy followed by surgical resection in 16 cases at a single institution","volume":"63","author":"Shintani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezt649","article-title":"Tumours of the thymus: a cohort study of prognostic factors from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons database","volume":"46","author":"Ruffini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2014.05.011","article-title":"Outcomes after surgical resection of thymic carcinoma: a study from a single tertiary referral centre","volume":"40","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(98)01063-7","article-title":"Thymic neuroendocrine tumor (thymic carcinoid): a clinicopathologic study in 15 patients","volume":"67","author":"Fukai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7529","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.7529","article-title":"A\u00a0multicenter prospective study of carboplatin and paclitaxel for advanced thymic carcinoma: West Japan Oncology Group 4207L","volume":"31","author":"Takeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1159\/000500135","article-title":"Activity and safety of standard and prolonged capecitabine\/temozolomide administration in patients with advanced neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"109","author":"Chatzellis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-019-0267-8","article-title":"An exploratory study of CT-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for stage I thymoma","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib80","first-page":"e3986","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumor therapy with lutetium-177: a literature review","volume":"11","author":"Maqsood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cur\u0113us"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2011.08.006","article-title":"Repeated cycles of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) \u2013 results and side-effects of the radioisotope 90Y-DOTA TATE, 177Lu-DOTA TATE or 90Y\/177Lu-DOTA TATE therapy in patients with disseminated NET","volume":"102","author":"Pach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib82","article-title":"Application of radiolabeled peptides in tumor imaging and therapy","volume":"258","author":"Mohtavinejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-011-1902-1","article-title":"Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with 177Lu-DOTATATE: the IEO phase I-II study","volume":"38","author":"Bodei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-018-1235-2","article-title":"Paradigm shift in theranostics of neuroendocrine tumors: conceptual horizons of nanotechnology in nuclear medicine","volume":"32","author":"Arora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)71181-7","article-title":"Sunitinib in patients with chemotherapy-refractory thymoma and thymic carcinoma: an open-label phase 2 trial","volume":"16","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13427","article-title":"Everolimus in advanced, progressive, well-differentiated, non-functional neuroendocrine tumors: RADIANT-4 lung subgroup analysis","volume":"109","author":"Fazio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30681-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of long-acting pasireotide or everolimus alone or in combination in patients with advanced carcinoids of the lung and thymus (LUNA): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, Phase 2 trial","volume":"18","author":"Ferolla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.1994.tb02936.x","article-title":"A\u00a0review of 79 thymomas: modification of staging system and reappraisal of conventional division into invasive and non-invasive thymoma","volume":"44","author":"Koga","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19811201)48:11<2485::AID-CNCR2820481123>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages","volume":"48","author":"Masaoka","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2019.02.016","article-title":"Subxiphoid uniportal VATS for thymic and combined mediastinal and pulmonary resections - a two-year experience","volume":"31","author":"Abu-Akar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib91","article-title":"Thymectomy with an endoscopic approach","volume":"5","author":"Suda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vis Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezt224","article-title":"Resection of thymomas with use of the new minimally-invasive technique of extended thymectomy performed through the subxiphoid-right video-thoracoscopic approach with double elevation of the sternum","volume":"44","author":"Zielinski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2016.04.035","article-title":"Subxiphoid vs intercostal single-incision video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib94","first-page":"i54","article-title":"Video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy versus subxiphoid single- port thymectomy: initial results","volume":"49","author":"Suda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2021.12.034","article-title":"Double sternal elevation subxiphoid versus uniportal thoracoscopic thymectomy associated with superior clearance for stage I-II thymic epithelial tumors: subxiphoid thymectomy compared with VATS","volume":"172","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2018.12.006","article-title":"Surgical techniques for myasthenia gravis: robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorac Surg Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s40137-017-0192-3","article-title":"Robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: pros and cons","volume":"5","author":"Cosgun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Surg Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3880","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-07035-y","article-title":"Defining the learning curve of robotic thoracic surgery: what does it take?","volume":"33","author":"Power","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2021.02.003","article-title":"National use and short-term outcomes of video and robot-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomies","volume":"113","author":"Seo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezz111","article-title":"National trends and perioperative outcomes of robotic resection of thymic tumours in the United States: a propensity matching comparison with open and video- assisted thoracoscopic approaches","volume":"56","author":"Kamel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/imi.0000000000000382","article-title":"Video-assisted thoracoscopic versus robotic-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Fok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1847","article-title":"Robotic versus thoracoscopic thymectomy: the current evidence","volume":"13","author":"Buentzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Med Robot Comput Assist Surg: MRCAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14234","article-title":"Robot-assisted thoracic surgery versus video-assisted thoracic surgery for treatment of patients with thymoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thoracic Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-1033-0","article-title":"Targeted systemic treatment of neuroendocrine tumors: current options and future Perspectives","volume":"79","author":"Herrera-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Surgical Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0748798322005595?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0748798322005595?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:45:18Z","timestamp":1760060718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0748798322005595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0748798322005595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-7983"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0748-7983"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Continuing challenges of primary neuroendocrine tumours of the thymus: A concise review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Surgical Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.07.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd, BASO ~ The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgical Oncology. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}