{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:38:23Z","timestamp":1786365503369,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]],"date-time":"2014-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1251,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejves.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,4]],"date-time":"2010-12-04T04:52:15Z","timestamp":1291438335000},"page":"117-125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Pharmacological Treatment of Primary Chronic Venous Disease: Rationale, Results and Unanswered Questions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Perrin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.A.","family":"Ramelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.09.014","article-title":"Updated terminology of chronic venous disorders: the vein term Transatlantic Interdisciplinary consensus document","volume":"49","author":"Eklof","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000164199.72440.08","article-title":"Chronic venous insufficiency","volume":"111","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(95)70195-8","article-title":"Reporting standards in venous disease: an update. International consensus Committee on chronic venous disease","volume":"21","author":"Porter","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2004.09.027","article-title":"Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement","volume":"40","author":"Eklof","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.02.065","article-title":"High prevalence of nonthrombotic iliac vein lesions in chronic venous disease: a permissive role in pathogenicity","volume":"44","author":"Raju","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6798","article-title":"Pathogenesis of primary varicose veins","volume":"96","author":"Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra055289","article-title":"Chronic venous disease","volume":"355","author":"Bergan","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(98)70303-9","article-title":"Monocyte infiltration into venous valves","volume":"27","author":"Ono","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl. S","key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.08.038","article-title":"Primary chronic venous disorders","volume":"46","author":"Meissner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib10","series-title":"Handbook of venous disorders","first-page":"47","article-title":"The physiology and hemodynamics of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limb","author":"Burnand","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1258\/phleb.2007.007027","article-title":"Mechanisms of varicose vein formation: valve dysfunction and wall dilation","volume":"23","author":"Raffetto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2174\/157016110790226697","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases in vascular disease - a potential therapeutic target?","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.09.028","article-title":"Pathogenesis of primary chronic venous disease: insights from animal models of venous hypertension","volume":"47","author":"Bergan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(80)90010-0","article-title":"Primary venous valve incompetence of the leg","volume":"140","author":"Kistner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib15","first-page":"277","article-title":"Leukocyte involvement in the signs and symptoms of chronic venous disease. Perspectives for therapy","volume":"37","author":"Boisseau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Hemorrheol Microcirc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib16","series-title":"An introduction to Cardiovascular physiology","author":"Levick","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib17","series-title":"Handbook of venous disorders: guidelines of the American venous Forum","first-page":"56","article-title":"Pathogenesis of varicose veins and cellular pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency","author":"Pappas","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6638.1726","article-title":"Causes of venous ulceration: a new hypothesis","volume":"296","author":"Coleridge Smith","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(93)90426-M","article-title":"The relation of venous ulceration with ambulatory venous pressure measurements","volume":"17","author":"Nicolaides","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmv.2006.10.001","article-title":"Pathophysiology of pain in venous disease","volume":"32","author":"Danziger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mal Vasc"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib21","first-page":"49","article-title":"Unmyelinated C fibers and inflammatory cells are present in the wall of human varicose veins. A clinico-pathological study","volume":"28","author":"Vital","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2003.104","article-title":"Effect of elastic compression stockings on venous hemodynamics during walking","volume":"37","author":"Ibegbuna","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.1999.08095.x","article-title":"Evaluation of therapeutic compression stockings in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency","volume":"25","author":"Motykie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39216.542442.BE","article-title":"Long term results of compression therapy alone versus compression plus surgery in chronic venous ulceration (ESCHAR): randomised controlled trial","volume":"335","author":"Gohel","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2009.08.032","article-title":"Unexpected major role for venous stenting in deep reflux disease","volume":"51","author":"Raju","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib26","series-title":"Varicose veins and telangiectasias","author":"Ramelet","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs. Guidelines according to scientific evidence","volume":"27","author":"Nicolaides","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199310143291604","article-title":"Treatment of lymphedema of the arms and legs with 5,6-benzo-alpha-pyrone","volume":"329","author":"Casley-Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib29","series-title":"Handbook of venous disorders: guidelines of the American venous Forum","first-page":"359","article-title":"Drug treatment of varicose veins, venous oedema, and ulcers","author":"Coleridge Smith","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003229.pub2","article-title":"Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency","author":"Martinez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003230.pub3","article-title":"Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency","author":"Pittler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1053\/ejvs.2001.1531","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of micronised purified flavonoid fraction vs placebo in patients with chronic venous disease","volume":"23","author":"Danielsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2007.08.012","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind multicentre clinical trial comparing the efficacy of calcium dobesilate with placebo in the treatment of chronic venous disease","volume":"35","author":"Martinez-Zapata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib34","first-page":"309","article-title":"Veno-active drugs in the management of chronic venous disease. An international consensus statement: current medical position, prospective views and final resolution","volume":"33","author":"Ramelet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2000.107094","article-title":"Venous severity scoring: an adjunct to venous outcome assessment","volume":"31","author":"Rutherford","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-1-5","article-title":"Rational therapy of chronic venous insufficiency: chances and limits of the therapeutic use of horse-chestnut seeds extract","volume":"1","author":"Ottilinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800781039","article-title":"Oxerutins in the prevention of recurrence in chronic venous ulceration: randomised controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Wright","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979704800113","article-title":"Efficacy of Daflon 500 mg in venous leg ulcer healing: a double-blind, randomised, controlled versus placebo trial in 107 patients","volume":"48","author":"Guilhou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2005.04.017","article-title":"Venous leg ulcer: a meta-analysis of adjunctive therapy with micronized purified flavonoid fraction","volume":"30","author":"Coleridge Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001733.pub2","article-title":"Pentoxifylline for treating venous leg ulcers","volume":"18","author":"Jull","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1.174","article-title":"Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: report from an American College of Chest Physicians Task Force","volume":"129","author":"Guyatt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2174\/157016109788340758","article-title":"Pharmacological agents in the treatment of venous disease: an update of the available evidence","volume":"7","author":"Gohel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970205300301","article-title":"Chronic venous insufficiency: worldwide results from the RELIEF study. Reflux assEssment and quaLity of lIfe improvEment with micronized Flavonoids","volume":"53","author":"Jantet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526.29.4.274","article-title":"Guidelines for testing drugs for chronic venous insufficiency","volume":"29","author":"Vansheidt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c869","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c869","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"340","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1258\/phleb.2008.008018","article-title":"Venous clinical severity score and quality-of-life assessment tools: application to vein practice","volume":"23","author":"Vasquez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970005100103","article-title":"Edema and leg volume: methods of assessment","volume":"51","author":"Perrin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib48","first-page":"312","article-title":"Wound healing assessment","volume":"47","author":"Humbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phlebolymphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00439228","article-title":"Construction and validation of a quality of life questionnaire in chronic lower limb venous insufficiency (CIVIQ)","volume":"5","author":"Launois","year":"1996","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2009.01.070","article-title":"Characterization of a porcine model of chronic superficial varicose veins","volume":"49","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1078588410006246?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1078588410006246?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T10:49:07Z","timestamp":1761043747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1078588410006246"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1078588410006246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-5884"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-5884","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pharmacological Treatment of Primary Chronic Venous Disease: Rationale, Results and Unanswered Questions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}