{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:31:11Z","timestamp":1790361071607,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ejves.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,21]],"date-time":"2017-01-21T02:01:47Z","timestamp":1484964107000},"page":"320-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Cranial Nerve Injury After Carotid Endarterectomy: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Time Trends"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6914-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.D.","family":"Kakisis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.N.","family":"Antonopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Mantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.G.","family":"Moulakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Sfyroeras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Geroulakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.3.5.576","article-title":"The hypoglossal nerve in carotid arterial reconstructions","volume":"3","author":"Imparato","year":"1972","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197511000-00026","article-title":"Bilateral hypoglossal-nerve palsy following a second carotid endarterectomy","volume":"43","author":"Bageant","year":"1975","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.12.017","article-title":"Risk factors for cranial nerve deficits during carotid endarterectomy: a retrospective study","volume":"130","author":"Thirumala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib4","first-page":"56","article-title":"Motor speech malfunction following carotid endarterectomy","volume":"81","author":"Liapis","year":"1981","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040127","article-title":"Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients","volume":"351","author":"Yadav","year":"2004","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061752","article-title":"Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis","volume":"355","author":"Mas","year":"2006","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60239-5","article-title":"Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): an interim analysis of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"375","author":"International Carotid Stenting Study investigators","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0912321","article-title":"Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis","volume":"363","author":"Brott","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2013.10.015","article-title":"Cranial nerve palsy should not be included within a primary composite endpoint in carotid surgery trials","volume":"47","author":"de Borst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"339","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib11","series-title":"Kendall's advanced theory of statistics","author":"Stuart","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib15","unstructured":"Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et\u00a0al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Available at: http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp [Accessed 26 September 2016]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2000.109751","article-title":"Cranial and cervical nerve injuries after repeat carotid endarterectomy","volume":"32","author":"AbuRahma","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(87)90057-7","article-title":"Glossopharyngeal nerve injury complicating carotid endarterectomy","volume":"5","author":"Rosenbloom","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.2.261","article-title":"Bilateral hypoglossal nerve injury after bilateral carotid endarterectomy","volume":"19","author":"Gutrecht","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2003.09.028","article-title":"Facial nerve paralysis during cervical plexus block for carotid artery endarterectomy","volume":"17","author":"Hayek","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2015.02.047","article-title":"Risk factors for cranial nerve injury after carotid endarterectomy","volume":"62","author":"Bennett","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2014.12.039","article-title":"Incidence, outcomes, and effect on quality of life of cranial nerve injury in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial","volume":"61","author":"Hye","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2013.09.022","article-title":"Clinical relevance of cranial nerve injury following carotid endarterectomy","volume":"47","author":"Fokkema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2014.08.002","article-title":"Incidence, impact, and predictors of cranial nerve palsy and haematoma following carotid endarterectomy in the international carotid stenting study","volume":"48","author":"Doig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.08.049","article-title":"Dexamethasone minimizes the risk of cranial nerve injury during CEA","volume":"49","author":"Regina","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1308\/003588408X318138","article-title":"Cranial nerve injuries and the retrojugular approach in carotid endarterectomy","volume":"90","author":"Beasley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2004.06.019","article-title":"Incidence of cranial nerve injuries after carotid eversion endarterectomy with a transverse skin incision under regional anaesthesia","volume":"28","author":"Assadian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib27","first-page":"237","article-title":"Cranial nerve dysfunction following carotid endarterectomy","volume":"19","author":"Maroulis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.9.1751","article-title":"The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial: surgical results in 1415 patients","volume":"30","author":"Ferguson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(99)70292-8","article-title":"Cranial and cervical nerve injuries after carotid endarterectomy: a prospective study","volume":"125","author":"Ballotta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(98)80114-7","article-title":"Role of surgical techniques and operative findings in cranial and cervical nerve injuries during carotid endarterectomy","volume":"15","author":"Zannetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(97)70258-1","article-title":"Cranial\/cervical nerve dysfunction after carotid endarterectomy","volume":"25","author":"Schauber","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(05)80167-4","article-title":"Cranial nerve injuries after carotid artery surgery. A prospective study of 663 operations","volume":"10","author":"Forssell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.2880130207","article-title":"Cranial nerve injuries following carotid endarterectomy: an analysis of 336 procedures","volume":"13","author":"Maniglia","year":"1991","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198808000-00016","article-title":"Cranial nerve injuries after carotid artery endarterectomy","volume":"81","author":"Rogers","year":"1988","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib35","first-page":"432","article-title":"Local neurological complication during carotid endarterectomy","volume":"29","author":"Aldoori","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Surg (Torino)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib36","first-page":"171","article-title":"Cranial and cervical nerve injuries: local complications of carotid artery surgery","volume":"28","author":"Weiss","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Surg (Torino)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(87)90052-8","article-title":"Accessory nerve injury during carotid endarterectomy","volume":"5","author":"Tucker","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(87)90271-6","article-title":"Cranial nerve injuries during carotid endarterectomy","volume":"154","author":"Knight","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.16.5.894","article-title":"Injury of the peripheral cranial nerves during carotid endarterectomy","volume":"16","author":"Theodotou","year":"1985","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.15.1.157","article-title":"Cranial nerve paralysis following carotid endarterectomy","volume":"15","author":"Massey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib41","first-page":"131","article-title":"Cranial nerve injury during carotid arterial reconstruction","volume":"230","author":"Schmidt","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800700619","article-title":"Cranial and cervical nerve damage associated with carotid endarterectomy","volume":"70","author":"Dehn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198210000-00009","article-title":"Motor speech deficit following carotid endarterectomy","volume":"196","author":"Evans","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026_bib44","first-page":"781","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study of the incidence of injury to the cranial nerves during carotid endarterectomy","volume":"151","author":"Hertzer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1078588416306876?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1078588416306876?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:46:16Z","timestamp":1761047176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1078588416306876"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1078588416306876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-5884"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-5884","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cranial Nerve Injury After Carotid Endarterectomy: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Time Trends","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.12.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}