{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:35:43Z","timestamp":1787312143581,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com","jwfo.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T11:33:40Z","timestamp":1715945620000},"page":"211-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of incipient enamel-carious\u2013like lesion treated with hydroxyapatite-chitosan nanocomposite hydrogel"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4008-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salma M.","family":"Fathy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alsayed","family":"Abdelhafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawzy A.","family":"Darwesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarek A.","family":"Elkhooly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000077766","article-title":"The effect of fluoride on the developing tooth","volume":"38","author":"Robinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C35","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301s07","article-title":"What constitutes dental caries? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms","volume":"83","author":"Kidd","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411000110040601","article-title":"The chemistry of enamel caries","volume":"11","author":"Robinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"369","author":"Selwitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.02.002","article-title":"Surface pre-conditioning with bioactive glass air-abrasion can enhance enamel white spot lesion remineralization","volume":"31","author":"Milly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.11.012","article-title":"Enamel white spot lesions can remineralise using bio-active glass and polyacrylic acid-modified bio-active glass powders","volume":"42","author":"Milly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2019.07.005","article-title":"Novel hybrid chitosan\/calcium phosphates microgels for remineralization of demineralized enamel \u2013 a model study","volume":"119","author":"Simeonov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Polym J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-022-00404-9","article-title":"Casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate and universal adhesive resin as a complementary approach for management of white spot lesions: an in-vitro study","volume":"23","author":"Aref","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0009","first-page":"205","article-title":"Chitosan-properties and applications in dentistry","volume":"2","author":"Kmiec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Tissue Eng Regen Open Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1971","article-title":"Role of chitosan in remineralization of enamel and dentin: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Nimbeni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.03.006","article-title":"Chitosan-bioglass complexes promote subsurface remineralisation of incipient human carious enamel lesions","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2018.04.010","article-title":"In-vitro subsurface remineralisation of artificial enamel white spot lesions pre-treated with chitosan","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.05.346","article-title":"Biomimetic chitosan-hydroxyapatite hybrid biocoatings for enamel remineralization","volume":"43","author":"Zaharia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ceram Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0014","first-page":"51606","article-title":"Development of amelogenin-chitosan hydrogel for in vitro enamel regrowth with a dense interface","volume":"89","author":"Ruan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12502","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5053487","article-title":"A mesoporous silica biomaterial for dental biomimetic crystallization","volume":"8","author":"Chiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104590","article-title":"Bond strength of demineralized dentin after synthesized collagen\/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite application","volume":"121","author":"Abdelshafi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-005-6682-3","article-title":"Preparation and in vitro investigation of chitosan\/nano-hydroxyapatite composite used as bone substitute materials","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-015-0033-7","article-title":"Non-surgical treatment of dentin caries in preschool children \u2013 systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Duangthip","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49742-5","article-title":"EDX-analysis of fluoride precipitation on human enamel","volume":"9","author":"Scholz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-010-4147-9","article-title":"Corrosion behaviour of \u03b2-Ti20Mo alloy in artificial saliva","volume":"21","author":"Mareci","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13608-0","article-title":"Remineralization of early enamel lesions with a novel prepared tricalcium silicate paste","volume":"12","author":"Hamdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(03)00181-X","article-title":"The physicochemical properties and antitumor activity of cellulase-treated chitosan","volume":"84","author":"Qin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2005.09.007","article-title":"Mineralisation of chitosan scaffolds with nano-apatite formation by double diffusion technique","volume":"2","author":"Manjubala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/28903","article-title":"Natural and controlled demineralization for study purposes in minimally invasive dentistry","volume":"24","author":"Skucha-Nowak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(61)90110-8","article-title":"The arrangement of crystallites in enamel prisms","volume":"5","author":"Poole","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.2c00140","article-title":"Multifunctional hydroxyapatite composites for orthopedic applications: a review","volume":"8","author":"George","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0027","series-title":"Hydroxyapatite and other calcium orthophosphates: bioceramics, coatings and dental applications","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6003","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22116003","article-title":"Novel approach to tooth chemistry. Quantification of the dental-enamel junction","volume":"22","author":"Kuczumow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/min12020170","article-title":"Confusion between carbonate apatite and biological apatite (carbonated hydroxyapatite) in bone and teeth","volume":"12","author":"Kono","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16457","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CP00474A","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite substituted by transition metals: experiment and theory","volume":"18","author":"Zilm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Chem Chem Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59448-8","article-title":"Power of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis in rapid microbial detection and identification at the single cell level","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000326819","article-title":"Methods for the measurement and characterization of erosion in enamel and dentine","volume":"45","author":"Schlueter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927614000622","article-title":"Comparative study of the measurement of enamel demineralization and remineralization using transverse microradiography and electron probe microanalysis","volume":"20","author":"Cochrane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microsc Microanal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392009000400016","article-title":"Effect of indentation load and time on knoop and Vickers microhardness tests for enamel and dentin","volume":"12","author":"Chuenarrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12908","article-title":"Effect of different surface treatments on the microhardness and colour change of artificial enamel lesions","volume":"67","author":"Ayad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0036","series-title":"Diagnosis and risk prediction of dental caries","author":"Axelsson","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345610400060401","article-title":"Micro-indentation hardness","volume":"40","author":"Ryge","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.62634","article-title":"Remineralization potential of fluoride and amorphous calcium phosphate-casein phospho peptide on enamel lesions: an in vitro comparative evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Lata","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4900","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13214900","article-title":"Molecular fingerprint imaging to identify dental caries using Raman spectroscopy","volume":"13","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8472-1","article-title":"Vibrational algorithms for quantitative crystallographic analyses of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials: I, theoretical foundations","volume":"407","author":"Pezzotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12244453","article-title":"Compositional analysis of the dental biomimetic hybrid nanomaterials based on bioinspired nonstoichiometric hydroxyapatite with small deviations in the carbonate incorporation","volume":"12","author":"Seredin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1159\/000337398","article-title":"A comparative study of carbonate determination in human teeth using Raman spectroscopy","volume":"46","author":"Spizzirri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5648","article-title":"Application of low-wavenumber Raman spectroscopy to the analysis of human teeth","volume":"50","author":"B\u0113rzi\u0146\u0161","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Raman Spectroscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.54.93","article-title":"Analysis of the molecular structure of human enamel with fluorosis using micro-Raman spectroscopy","volume":"54","author":"Zavala-Alonso","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0045","article-title":"Impact of nano hydroxyapatite, nano silver fluoride and sodium fluoride varnish on primary enamel remineralization: an in vitro study","volume":"11","author":"Nozari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1163\/156856203766652048","article-title":"Chitosan: potential use as a bioactive coating for orthopaedic and craniofacial\/dental implants","volume":"14","author":"Bumgardner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biomater Sci Polym Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14388","article-title":"Biomimetic hydroxyapatite paste for molar\u2013incisor hypomineralization: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Butera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/479850","article-title":"Gastroesophageal reflux disease and tooth erosion","volume":"2012","author":"Ranjitkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001_bib0049","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of two different remineralising toothpastes in children with drug-controlled asthma and allergic rhinitis: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Scribante","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent"}],"container-title":["Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2212443824000304?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2212443824000304?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T02:28:11Z","timestamp":1727749691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212443824000304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S2212443824000304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-4438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-4438","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluation of incipient enamel-carious\u2013like lesion treated with hydroxyapatite-chitosan nanocomposite hydrogel","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejwf.2024.04.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 World Federation of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}