{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:31:53Z","timestamp":1785817913268,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]],"date-time":"2010-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,14]],"date-time":"2010-08-14T08:57:34Z","timestamp":1281776254000},"page":"633-662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Is Salt, Vitamin, or Endocrinopathy Causing this Encephalopathy? A Review of Endocrine and Metabolic Causes of Altered Level of Consciousness"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Casaletto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib1","series-title":"Emergency medicine","first-page":"985","article-title":"Altered mental status and coma","author":"Cooke","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib2","first-page":"477","article-title":"Hypoglycemia in adults","volume":"25","author":"Virally","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabete Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.09.006","article-title":"Hyperglycemic crises in diabetes mellitus: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia hyperosmolar state","volume":"35","author":"Kitabschi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)30082-7","article-title":"Diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"79","author":"Kitabchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2005.03.002","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism","volume":"23","author":"McKeown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.04.008","article-title":"Hypothyroidism","volume":"36","author":"Devdhar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib7","series-title":"Emergency medicine","first-page":"1765","article-title":"Sodium and water balance","author":"Wadman","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib8","series-title":"Cecil medicine","first-page":"1713","article-title":"Adrenal cortex","author":"Nieman","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70535-6","article-title":"Hyponatremia and hypernatremia","volume":"81","author":"Fried","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)12169-9","article-title":"Sodium","volume":"352","author":"Kumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2005.03.016","article-title":"Disorders of potassium","volume":"23","author":"Schaefer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.01.007","article-title":"Disorders involving calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium","volume":"35","author":"Moe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2009.01.007","article-title":"Electrolyte complications of malignancy","volume":"27","author":"Kacprowicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp032200","article-title":"Clinical practice. Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"350","author":"Bilezikian","year":"2004","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp042806","article-title":"Clinical practice. Hypercalcemia associated with cancer","volume":"352","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib16","author":"Novello"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib17","author":"Moore"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-195312000-00002","article-title":"Acute methyl alcohol poisoning: a review based on experiences in an outbreak of 323 cases","volume":"32","author":"Bennet","year":"1953","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80424-X","article-title":"Methanol inhalation toxicity","volume":"22","author":"Frenia","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80176-6","article-title":"Methyl alcohol poisoning in an 8-month-old boy: an unusual route of intoxication","volume":"94","author":"Kahn","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib21","series-title":"Clinical toxicology","first-page":"757","article-title":"Ethylene glycol and methanol","author":"Ford","year":"2001"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(78)90513-2","article-title":"Hemodialysis for methanol intoxication","volume":"64","author":"Gonda","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1974.00320200103014","article-title":"Methanol intoxication: comparison of peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis treatment","volume":"134","author":"Keyvan-Larijarni","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1979.tb04116.x","article-title":"An outbreak of acute methyl alcohol intoxication","volume":"9","author":"Naraqi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/32.2.395","article-title":"Formic and lactic acidosis in a fatal case of methanol intoxication","volume":"32","author":"Shahangian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198109000-00005","article-title":"Epidemic methanol poisoning: clinical and biochemical analysis of a recent episode","volume":"60","author":"Swartz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1978.tb131655.x","article-title":"Ocular manifestations and complications of acute methyl alcohol intoxication","volume":"2","author":"Dethlefs","year":"1978","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070010661015","article-title":"Sterno-induced methanol toxicity and visual recovery after prompt hemodialysis","volume":"107","author":"Greiner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1984.tb06753.x","article-title":"Clinical observations on ten cases of methanol poisoning with particular reference to ocular manifestations","volume":"62","author":"Ingemansson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Opthalmol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03259893","article-title":"Methanol and formate kinetics in late diagnosed methanol intoxication","volume":"3","author":"Jacobsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"6142","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6142.929","article-title":"Computerized tomography in severe methanol intoxication","volume":"2","author":"Aquilonius","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib32","first-page":"522","article-title":"Methanol poisoning: bilateral putaminal and cerebellar cortical lesions on CT and MR","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659709001186","article-title":"Neurotoxicity to the basal ganglia shown by MRI following poisoning by methanol and other substances","volume":"35","author":"Hantson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib34","first-page":"9","article-title":"Methyl alcohol poisoning: an autopsy study of 28 cases","volume":"37","author":"Mittal","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Postgrad Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198802000-00008","article-title":"Brain hemorrhage associated with methanol poisoning","volume":"16","author":"Phang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib36","series-title":"Harrison's principles of internal medicine","first-page":"277","article-title":"Acidosis and alkalosis","author":"DuBose","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib37","series-title":"The kidney","first-page":"2139","article-title":"Pathophysiology of uremia","author":"Bailey","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib38","first-page":"455","article-title":"Management of diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"60","author":"Kitabchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440270117011","article-title":"Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks","volume":"157","author":"Umpierrez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1053\/jcrc.2000.7900","article-title":"Differences in metabolic and hormonal milieu in diabetic- and alcohol-induced ketoacidosis","volume":"15","author":"Umpierrez","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-595X(83)80046-2","article-title":"Ketosis of starvation: a revisit and new perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Owen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajkd.2003.07.012","article-title":"Severe acidosis caused by starvation and stress","volume":"42","author":"Toth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013190","article-title":"Post-exercise ketosis","volume":"301","author":"Koeslag","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-595X(83)80049-8","article-title":"Maternal ketosis and its effects on the fetus","volume":"12","author":"Rudolf","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80701-3","article-title":"Extreme gestational starvation ketoacidosis: case report and review of pathophysiology","volume":"20","author":"Mahoney","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib46","series-title":"Clinical toxicology","first-page":"94","article-title":"Acid-base disturbances in the poisoned patient","author":"Delaney","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib47","series-title":"Clinical toxicology","first-page":"32","article-title":"Focused physical examination\/toxidromes","author":"Davis","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib48","series-title":"Rosen's emergency medicine concepts and clinical practice","first-page":"1718","article-title":"Acid-base disorders","author":"Disney","year":"2002"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib49","first-page":"209","article-title":"Trends in tuberculosis\u2014United States, 1998\u20132003","volume":"53","author":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib50","series-title":"Clinical toxicology","first-page":"439","article-title":"Isoniazid and other antituberculosis drugs","author":"Henry","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib51","first-page":"199","article-title":"Acute isoniazid intoxication: reversal of CNS symptoms with large doses of pyridoxime","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatr Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(87)90098-2","article-title":"Profound acidosis caused by isoniazid ingestion","volume":"5","author":"Hankins","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib53","author":"Mechem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3109\/15563657508988043","article-title":"Acute iron intoxication with intestinal infarction managed in part by small bowel resection","volume":"8","author":"Roberts","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718800700310","article-title":"Myocardial failure and shock in iron poisoning","volume":"7","author":"Tenenbein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib56","series-title":"Clinical toxicology","first-page":"305","article-title":"Iron","author":"Tenenbein","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)35010-6","article-title":"Iron poisoning","volume":"33","author":"Banner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib58","series-title":"Rosen's emergency medicine concepts and clinical practice","first-page":"2151","article-title":"Heavy metals","author":"Velez","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198007033030104","article-title":"Lactic acidosis associated with Hodgkin's disease","volume":"303","author":"Nadiminti","year":"1980","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1970.00310020123018","article-title":"Chronic lactic acidosis and acute leukemia","volume":"125","author":"Roth","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.2820360920","article-title":"Metastatic reticulum cell sarcoma and lactic acidosis","volume":"36","author":"Kachel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib62","first-page":"398","article-title":"Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: case reports and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.4.340","article-title":"Lactic acidosis in HIV infected patients: a systematic review of published cases","volume":"79","author":"Arenas-Pinto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-1905-x","article-title":"The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome: a simple name for a complex syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Vasile","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199803000-00001","article-title":"D-lactic acidosis: a review of clinical presentation, biochemical features, and pathophysiologic mechanisms","volume":"77","author":"Uribiarri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0704(01)00012-4","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis in the intensive care unit","volume":"18","author":"Gauthier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199903183401102","article-title":"Fomepizole for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. Methylpyrazole for Toxic Alcohols Study Group","volume":"340","author":"Brent","year":"1999","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659209017942","article-title":"Ethylene glycol poisoning: experiences from an epidemic in Sweden","volume":"30","author":"Karlson-Stiber","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3109\/00365599509180551","article-title":"Intensified dialysis treatment of ethylene glycol intoxication","volume":"29","author":"Sabeel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib70","series-title":"Rosen's emergency medicine concepts and clinical practice","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Toxic alcohols","author":"White","year":"2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1984.tb03825.x","article-title":"Glycolate causes the acidosis in ethylene glycol poisoning and is effectively removed by hemodialysis","volume":"216","author":"Jacobsen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550170036028","article-title":"Summertime cluster of intentional ethylene glycol ingestions","volume":"278","author":"Leikin","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib73","first-page":"440","article-title":"Cerebral CT of lethal ethylene glycol intoxication with pathologic correlation","volume":"10","author":"Zeiss","year":"1989","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100100956","article-title":"Ethylene glycol ingestion resulting in brainstem and midbrain dysfunction","volume":"38","author":"Morgan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib75","series-title":"Clinical toxicology","first-page":"275","article-title":"Salicylates","author":"Donovan","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib76","series-title":"Cecil textbook of medicine","first-page":"562","article-title":"Fluids and electrolytes","author":"Kokko","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib77","series-title":"The kidney","first-page":"2145","article-title":"Diuretics","author":"Wilcox","year":"2004"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1985.00360100075012","article-title":"Significant metabolic acidosis induced by acetazolamide","volume":"145","author":"Heller","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib79","series-title":"The kidney","first-page":"944","article-title":"Acid-base disorders","author":"DuBose","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib80","series-title":"Rosen's emergency medicine concepts and clinical practice","first-page":"2537","article-title":"Substance abuse","author":"Colucciello","year":"2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111805","article-title":"Validation of the difference in urine and blood CO2 tension during bicarbonate loading as an index of distal nephron acidification in experimental models of distal renal tubular acidosis","volume":"75","author":"DuBose","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib82","series-title":"Clinical toxicology","first-page":"532","article-title":"Lithium","author":"Osborn","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000166895","article-title":"Distal renal tubular acidosis syndromes: a pathophysiological approach","volume":"5","author":"Halperin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib84","series-title":"Sleisenger & Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease","first-page":"965","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis","author":"Forsmark","year":"2002"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.02.007","article-title":"Myths and misconceptions of Wernicke's encephalopathy: what every emergency physician should know","volume":"50","author":"Donnino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib86","series-title":"Textbook of clinical neurology","first-page":"906","article-title":"Nutritional deficiencies and syndromes associated with alcoholism","author":"Kinsella","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70592-7","article-title":"Physical findings in nutritional deficiencies","volume":"45","author":"Balint","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib88","unstructured":"Frye RE, Jabbour SA. Pyridoxine deficiency. eMedicine. Available at:http:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/124947-overview. Accessed November 1, 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib89","unstructured":"Rabinowitz SS, ReddyS, Rajakumar K. Pellagra. eMedicine. Available at: http:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/985427-overview. Accessed November 1, 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2005.03.014","article-title":"The porphyrias","volume":"23","author":"Dombeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib91","author":"Crisan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2009.04.005","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"27","author":"Eroglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1258\/000456307782268228","article-title":"Guidelines for the investigation and management of a reduced level of consciousness in children: implications for clinical biochemistry laboratories","volume":"44","author":"Bowker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib94","series-title":"Nelson textbook of pediatrics","first-page":"2319","article-title":"Hypothyroidism","author":"LaFranchi","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib95","series-title":"Rosen's emergency medicine concepts and clinical practice","first-page":"2739","article-title":"Acute complications of pregnancy","author":"Houry","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2006.01.011","article-title":"Altered mental status in older emergency department patients","volume":"24","author":"Wilber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib97","series-title":"Cecil medicine","first-page":"131","article-title":"Delirium and other mental status problems in the older patient","author":"Inouye","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013_bib98","series-title":"Cecil medicine","first-page":"2667","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease and other dementias","author":"Knopman","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733862710000428?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733862710000428?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T13:10:14Z","timestamp":1591794614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0733862710000428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0733862710000428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8627","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}}}