{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T12:47:48Z","timestamp":1754398068165},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["emed.theclinics.com","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]],"date-time":"2015-04-17T03:15:27Z","timestamp":1429240527000},"page":"409-421","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation and Treatment of the Elbow and Forearm Injuries in the Emergency Department"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Katja","family":"Goldflam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(05)70060-2","article-title":"Fractures of the elbow","volume":"30","author":"Kuntz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib2","first-page":"S31","article-title":"Injuries to the elbow","volume":"35","author":"Constant","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70247-7","article-title":"Fracture dislocations of the elbow in athletes","volume":"20","author":"Plancher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"1 Suppl S","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.09.033","article-title":"Optimizing stability in distal humeral fracture fixation","volume":"14","author":"O'Driscoll","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib5","series-title":"Rockwood and Green's fracture in adults","first-page":"95","article-title":"Overview of epidemiology of fractures","author":"Court-Brown","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib6","series-title":"Orthopaedic knowledge update: trauma","article-title":"Fractures of the distal humerus","author":"Asprinio","year":"1996"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(81)90012-7","article-title":"Replacement of the radial head in the treatment of unstable elbow fractures","volume":"12","author":"Harrington","year":"1981","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18004217203","article-title":"Some observations on fracture of the head of the radius with a review of one hundred cases","volume":"42","author":"Mason","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib9","first-page":"1096","article-title":"Common forearm fractures in adults","volume":"80","author":"Black","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2003.12.002","article-title":"Olecranon fractures in adults: factors influencing outcome","volume":"35","author":"Rommens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib11","series-title":"Emergency orthopedics - the extremities","first-page":"234","article-title":"Fractures of the distal humerus","author":"Simon","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2007.12.001","article-title":"Anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow","volume":"39","author":"Bryce","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2007.12.004","article-title":"Acute elbow dislocations","volume":"39","author":"Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib14","first-page":"248","article-title":"Injuries of the elbow: a ten-year review","volume":"1","author":"Conn","year":"1961","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678609014788","article-title":"Incidence of elbow dislocation","volume":"57","author":"Josefsson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"221","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib16","first-page":"221","article-title":"Ligamentous injuries in dislocations of the elbow joint","author":"Josefsson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2007.11.012","article-title":"Acute dislocations of the adult elbow","volume":"24","author":"Hobgood","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.08.006","article-title":"Terrible triad of the elbow","volume":"44","author":"Dodds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-666X(09)80039-5","article-title":"Current concepts in the management of complex elbow trauma","volume":"7","author":"Morrey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2004.07.002","article-title":"Simple dislocations of the elbow: evaluation and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Sheps","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100050408","article-title":"Electromyographic analysis of muscles across the elbow joint","volume":"5","author":"Funk","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1148\/128.1.145","article-title":"Plastic bowing, torus and greenstick supracondylar fractures of the humerus: radiographic clues to obscure fractures of the elbow in children","volume":"128","author":"Rogers","year":"1978","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.143.2.355","article-title":"Radial head-capitellum view in elbow trauma: clinical application and radiographic-anatomic correlation","volume":"143","author":"Greenspan","year":"1984","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-2855-5","article-title":"Traumatic instability of the elbow - anatomy, pathomechanisms and presentation on imaging","volume":"23","author":"Schaeffeler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/00016925409174478","article-title":"Roentgenologic visualization of the extracapsular fat pad; its importance in the diagnosis of traumatic injuries to the elbow","volume":"42","author":"Norell","year":"1954","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199801000-00002","article-title":"Acute elbow dislocation: evaluation and management","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800561103","article-title":"Dislocation of the elbow","volume":"56","author":"Roberts","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465990270030701","article-title":"Treatment of simple elbow dislocation using an immediate motion protocol","volume":"27","author":"Ross","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"280","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib29","first-page":"186","article-title":"Elbow subluxation and dislocation. A spectrum of instability","author":"O'Driscoll","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.63B3.7263756","article-title":"Entrapment of the median nerve after dislocation of the elbow. A case report","volume":"63-B","author":"Hallett","year":"1981","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib31","series-title":"The comprehensive classification of fractures of long bones","author":"Mueller","year":"1990"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2007.09.001","article-title":"Distal humerus fractures","volume":"23","author":"Throckmorton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s004020050023","article-title":"Management of distal humerus fractures in adults","volume":"119","author":"Kinik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib34","first-page":"175","article-title":"Current concepts in the treatment of fractures of the radial head, the olecranon, and the coronoid","volume":"44","author":"Morrey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.01.002","article-title":"Olecranon fractures","volume":"39","author":"Veillette","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.001","article-title":"Proximal forearm fractures","volume":"44","author":"Edwards","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-007-0064-8","article-title":"Documentation of associated injuries occurring with radial head fracture","volume":"466","author":"van Riet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.12.024","article-title":"Radial head fractures\u2013an update","volume":"34","author":"Pike","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2007.12.008","article-title":"Current recommendations for the treatment of radial head fractures","volume":"39","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199701000-00001","article-title":"Displaced fractures of the radial head: internal fixation or excision?","volume":"5","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2007.01.009","article-title":"Radial head fractures","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib42","first-page":"36","article-title":"Closed treatment of isolated radial head fractures","volume":"23","author":"Weseley","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(94)90154-6","article-title":"The non-operative management of radial head fractures: a randomized trial of three treatments","volume":"25","author":"Unsworth-White","year":"1994","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2008.753","article-title":"Coronoid fractures of the elbow","volume":"6","author":"Wells","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2004.07.004","article-title":"Fractures of the coronoid process","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971090-00011","article-title":"Fractures of the coronoid process of the ulna","volume":"71","author":"Regan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466060-00014","article-title":"Long-term sequelae of simple dislocation of the elbow","volume":"66","author":"Josefsson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198870020-00013","article-title":"Simple dislocation of the elbow in the adult. Results after closed treatment","volume":"70","author":"Mehlhoff","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2007.03.002","article-title":"Diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna in adults","volume":"23","author":"Moss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2007.01.004","article-title":"Management of isolated ulnar shaft fractures","volume":"23","author":"Sauder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.08.007","article-title":"Monteggia fractures","volume":"44","author":"Ring","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2007.01.008","article-title":"Monteggia fracture-dislocations","volume":"23","author":"Eathiraju","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196701000-00008","article-title":"The Monteggia lesion","volume":"50","author":"Bado","year":"1967","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196909000-00014","article-title":"The Monteggia lesion. A review of 159 cases","volume":"66","author":"Boyd","year":"1969","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677508989242","article-title":"Monteggia lesions and their complicating nerve damage","volume":"46","author":"Jessing","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2001.22656","article-title":"Orthopedic pitfalls in the ED: Galeazzi and Monteggia fracture-dislocation","volume":"19","author":"Perron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19900501-09","article-title":"Monteggia lesions in children and adults: an analysis of etiology and long-term result of treatment","volume":"13","author":"Oveson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02581917","article-title":"Ueber ein besonderes Syndrom bei Verletzungen im Bereich der Unterarmknochen","volume":"35","author":"Galeazzi","year":"1934","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Unfallchir"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197557080-00006","article-title":"Galeazzi fracture-dislocations","volume":"57","author":"Mikic","year":"1975","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"275","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib60","first-page":"46","article-title":"Biomechanics of the distal radioulnar joint","author":"Linscheid","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2007.03.004","article-title":"Galeazzi fractures and dislocations","volume":"23","author":"Giannoulis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198567070-00004","article-title":"Results of compression-plating of closed Galeazzi fractures","volume":"67","author":"Moore","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.33B2.244","article-title":"Fractures of the radial head with distal radio-ulnar dislocation; report of two cases","volume":"33B","author":"Essex-Lopresti","year":"1951","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2007.11.009","article-title":"Essex-Lopresti injuries","volume":"24","author":"Dodds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-011-1190-7","article-title":"The role of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the forearm interosseous membrane. A review","volume":"40","author":"Rodriguez-Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"}],"container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733862714001357?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733862714001357?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T08:08:59Z","timestamp":1651738139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0733862714001357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0733862714001357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8627","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluation and Treatment of the Elbow and Forearm Injuries in the Emergency Department","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2014.12.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}