{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T19:40:31Z","timestamp":1784576431601,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","emed.theclinics.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,19]],"date-time":"2016-02-19T15:20:23Z","timestamp":1455895223000},"page":"e1-e23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["The Opioid Epidemic in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Richard Gentry","family":"Wilkerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong K.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Andrew","family":"Windsor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren P.","family":"Mareiniss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013628","article-title":"Opioids and the treatment of chronic pain: controversies, current status, and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689308601114","article-title":"Paracelsus: a quincentennial assessment","volume":"86","author":"Davis","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib3","series-title":"Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Vol 1 Molecular toxicology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Historical milestones and discoveries that shaped the toxicology sciences","author":"Hayes","year":"2009"},{"issue":"9141","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07115-3","article-title":"The discovery of heroin","volume":"352","author":"Sneader","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1977.10472049","article-title":"Heroin in the treatment of morphine addiction","volume":"9","author":"Kramer","year":"1977","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.050914","article-title":"Morphine analgesia in patients with acute appendicitis: a randomised double-blind clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Amoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"6853","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6853.554","article-title":"Safety of early pain relief for acute abdominal pain","volume":"305","author":"Attard","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.11.020","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of morphine in acute abdominal pain","volume":"48","author":"Gallagher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(02)01480-1","article-title":"Effects of morphine analgesia on diagnostic accuracy in emergency department patients with abdominal pain: a prospective, randomized trial","volume":"196","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2007.9.5.pfor2-0705","article-title":"The principle of double effect and proportionate reason","volume":"9","author":"Kockler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virtual Mentor"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(98)00125-0","article-title":"Acts of omission and commission in pain management: the ethics of naloxone use","volume":"17","author":"Fins","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.2.147","article-title":"Persistent pain and well-being: a World Health Organization study in primary care","volume":"280","author":"Gureje","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198001103020221","article-title":"Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics","volume":"302","author":"Porter","year":"1980","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(86)90091-6","article-title":"Chronic use of opioid analgesics in non-malignant pain: report of 38 cases","volume":"25","author":"Portenoy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0290-27","article-title":"The tragedy of needless pain","volume":"262","author":"Melzack","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib16","first-page":"571","article-title":"Use and abuse of opioid analgesics in chronic pain","volume":"39","author":"Goldman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(89)90286-6","article-title":"Oligoanalgesia in the emergency department","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib18","first-page":"85","article-title":"APS 1995 Presidential address","volume":"5","author":"Campbell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(94)90498-7","article-title":"Emergency pain management: a Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) consensus document","volume":"12","author":"Ducharme","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(96)70215-9","article-title":"Current pain-control practices and research","volume":"27","author":"Afilalo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.00415.x","article-title":"Measuring pain as the 5th vital sign does not improve quality of pain management","volume":"21","author":"Mularski","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.4.428","article-title":"JCAHO pain management standards are unveiled. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations","volume":"284","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.12.013","article-title":"Chronic pain and opiates: a call for moderation","volume":"89","author":"Harden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.06.013","article-title":"Clinical policy: critical issues in the prescribing of opioids for adult patients in the emergency department","volume":"60","author":"Cantrill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib25","series-title":"Results from the 2011 National survey on drug Use and health: summary of national findings (HHS publication No. SMA 12\u20134713, NSDUH series H-44)","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib26","series-title":"Multiple cause of death file","author":"National Vital Statistics System","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib27","series-title":"WONDER [database]","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2013"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.272","article-title":"Pharmaceutical overdose deaths, United States, 2010","volume":"309","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/ajgsup.2014.6","article-title":"The narcotic bowel syndrome: a recent update","volume":"2","author":"Drossman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12148","article-title":"Greater number of narcotic analgesic prescriptions for osteoarthritis is associated with falls and fractures in elderly adults","volume":"61","author":"Rolita","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib31","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. The DAWN Report: Highlights of the 2011 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) Findings on Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. Rockville (MD). Available at: http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/DAWN127\/DAWN127\/sr127-DAWN-highlights.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2015."},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib32","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid analgesics\u2014United States, 1999-2008","volume":"60","author":"Paulozzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib33","unstructured":"Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. Prescription for Peril: How Insurance Fraud Finances Theft and Abuse of Addictive Prescription Drugs. Available at: www.insurancefraud.org\/downloads\/drugDiversion.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2015."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181ff04ca","article-title":"Economic costs of nonmedical use of prescription opioids","volume":"27","author":"Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib35","unstructured":"Behavioral Health Coordinating Committee Prescription Drug Abuse Subcommittee, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Addressing Prescription Drug Abuse in the United States Current Activities and Future Opportunities. 2013. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/pdf\/hhs_prescription_drug_abuse_report_09.2013.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.08.007","article-title":"Leftover prescription opioids and nonmedical use among high school seniors: a multi-cohort national study","volume":"52","author":"McCabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.2533","article-title":"Frequency of prescription pain reliever nonmedical use: 2002-2003 and 2009-2010","volume":"172","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.01.013","article-title":"More educated emergency department patients are less likely to receive opioids for acute pain","volume":"153","author":"Platts-Mills","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib39","first-page":"1171","article-title":"Overdose deaths involving prescription opioids among Medicaid enrollees - Washington, 2004-2007","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.802","article-title":"Patterns of abuse among unintentional pharmaceutical overdose fatalities","volume":"300","author":"Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.018","article-title":"Non-medical use, abuse and dependence on prescription opioids among US adults: psychiatric, medical and substance use correlates","volume":"94","author":"Becker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.987397","article-title":"2013 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers\u2019 National Poison Data System (NPDS): 31st Annual Report","volume":"52","author":"Mowry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib43","first-page":"493","article-title":"Vital signs: risk for overdose from methadone used for pain relief - United States, 1999-2010","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.23907\/2013.029","article-title":"State variation in certifying manner of death and drugs involved in drug intoxication deaths","volume":"3","author":"Warner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad Forensic Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib45","first-page":"988","article-title":"Geographic variation in opioid prescribing in the US","volume":"13","author":"McDonald","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1406143","article-title":"Trends in opioid analgesic abuse and mortality in the United States","volume":"372","author":"Dart","year":"2015","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib47","first-page":"849","article-title":"Increases in heroin overdose deaths\u201428 states, 2010 to 2012","volume":"63","author":"Rudd","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01327.x","article-title":"Do prescription monitoring programs impact state trends in opioid abuse\/misuse?","volume":"13","author":"Reifler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1204141","article-title":"Effect of abuse-deterrent formulation of OxyContin","volume":"367","author":"Cicero","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2015.1059667","article-title":"The pain reliever and heroin epidemic in the United States: shifting winds in the perfect storm","volume":"34","author":"Maxwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib51","series-title":"Drug-poisoning deaths involving heroin: United States, 2000\u20132013","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib52","series-title":"Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: summary of national findings, NSDUH Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14\u20134863","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.020","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in trends in heroin use and heroin-related risk behaviors among nonmedical prescription opioid users","volume":"151","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.366","article-title":"The changing face of heroin use in the United States: a retrospective analysis of the past 50 years","volume":"71","author":"Cicero","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib55","first-page":"719","article-title":"Vital signs: demographic and substance use trends among heroin users: United States, 2002\u20132013","volume":"64","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib56","unstructured":"Muhuri PK, Gfroerer JC, Davies MC. Associations of nonmedical pain reliever use and initiation of heroin use in the United States. The CBHSQ data review. 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib57","series-title":"National drug threat assessment summary 2014","author":"Drug Enforcement Administration","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib58","series-title":"National heroin threat assessment summary","author":"Drug Enforcement Administration","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-196301000-00003","article-title":"N-Allynoroxymorphone: a new potent narcotic antagonist","volume":"245","author":"Foldes","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-85-6-765","article-title":"Drugs five years later: naloxone","volume":"85","author":"Martin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00521.2002","article-title":"Effect of naloxone on perceived exertion and exercise capacity during maximal cycle ergometry","volume":"93","author":"Sgherza","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)33474-5","article-title":"The human pharmacology and clinical use of narcotic antagonists","volume":"48","author":"Foldes","year":"1964","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1060357","article-title":"Effects of naloxone on catecholamine plasma levels in adult men. A dose-response study","volume":"106","author":"Mannelli","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2015.1037274","article-title":"Reducing the harm of opioid overdose with the safe use of naloxone: a pharmacologic review","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"6414","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6414.363","article-title":"Cardiac arrest after reversal of effects of opiates with naloxone","volume":"288","author":"Cuss","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198010000-00012","article-title":"Sudden death following naloxone administration","volume":"59","author":"Andree","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(95)00150-6","article-title":"Inappropriate use of naloxone in cancer patients with pain","volume":"11","author":"Manfredi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib68","article-title":"Reversal of opioid-induced ventilatory depression using low-dose naloxone (0.04 mg): a case series","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib69","series-title":"Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib70","first-page":"76","article-title":"Wide variation in naloxone dosing recommendations for acute opioid toxicity","volume":"10","author":"Connors","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib71","series-title":"Tintinalli's emergency medicine: a comprehensive study guide","first-page":"1230","article-title":"Opioids","author":"Doyon","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib72","series-title":"Rosen's emergency medicine-concepts and clinical practice","first-page":"2052","article-title":"Opioids","author":"Bardsley","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196505000-00008","article-title":"Studies on the Specificity of Narcotic Antagonists","volume":"26","author":"Foldes","year":"1965","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.63700080011017c","article-title":"Study of a narcotic antagonist\u2014n-allyl-noroxymorphone","volume":"183","author":"Sadove","year":"1963","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198808000-00003","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of fentanyl reversal by naloxone at varying arterial carbon dioxide tensions in dogs","volume":"67","author":"Mills","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anesth Analgesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03005476","article-title":"Narcotic reversal in hypercapnic dogs: comparison of naloxone and nalbuphine","volume":"37","author":"Mills","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(86)80994-5","article-title":"A\u00a0dosing nomogram for continuous infusion intravenous naloxone","volume":"15","author":"Goldfrank","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2003.009613","article-title":"Naloxone in opioid poisoning: walking the tightrope","volume":"22","author":"Clarke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202561","article-title":"Management of opioid analgesic overdose","volume":"367","author":"Boyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib80","first-page":"11","article-title":"Opioid toxicity recurrence after an initial response to naloxone","volume":"36","author":"Watson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"7055","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7055.481","article-title":"Fatal methadone overdose","volume":"313","author":"Hendra","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73693-8_85","article-title":"Naloxone reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression with special emphasis on the partial agonist\/antagonist buprenorphine","volume":"605","author":"Sarton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Exp Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200607000-00012","article-title":"Naloxone reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression","volume":"105","author":"van Dorp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"7338","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7338.678","article-title":"Data on take home naloxone are unclear but not condemnatory","volume":"324","author":"Bigg","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.146647","article-title":"Saved by the nose: bystander-administered intranasal naloxone hydrochloride for opioid overdose","volume":"99","author":"Doe-Simkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib86","first-page":"931","article-title":"Overdose prevention and naloxone prescription for opioid users in San Francisco","volume":"87","author":"Enteen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f174","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f174","article-title":"Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: interrupted time series analysis","volume":"346","author":"Walley","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib88","first-page":"38","article-title":"Emergency department naloxone distribution: a Rhode Island department of health, recovery community, and emergency department partnership to reduce opioid overdose deaths","volume":"97","author":"Samuels","year":"2014","journal-title":"R\u00a0I Med J (2013)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib89","series-title":"Community management of opioid overdose","year":"2014"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib90","first-page":"631","article-title":"Opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone to laypersons\u2014United States, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Wheeler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"7318","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib91","first-page":"935","article-title":"Take home naloxone for opiate addicts. Apparent advantages may be balanced by hidden harms","volume":"323","author":"Ashworth","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9421993.x","article-title":"Preventing opiate overdose fatalities with take-home naloxone: pre-launch study of possible impact and acceptability","volume":"94","author":"Strang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12303","article-title":"Open-label, multicenter study of self-administered icatibant for attacks of hereditary angioedema","volume":"69","author":"Aberer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2011.569854","article-title":"No deaths associated with patient refusal of transport after naloxone-reversed opioid overdose","volume":"15","author":"Wampler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-210391","article-title":"Heroin overdose resuscitation with naloxone: patient uses own prescribed supply to save the life of a peer","volume":"2015","author":"Winston","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib96","first-page":"983","article-title":"Take-home emergency naloxone to prevent heroin overdose deaths after prison release: rationale and practicalities for the N-ALIVE randomized trial","volume":"90","author":"Strang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib97","unstructured":"NPR: Price soars for key weapon against heroin overdoses. Available at: http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2015\/09\/10\/439219409\/naloxone-price-soars-key-weapon-against-heroin-overdoses. Accessed September 21, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib98","unstructured":"Almendrala A. Huffington Post: Clinton Foundation to help make anti-overdose drug much more affordable. Available at: http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2015\/01\/26\/evzio-naloxone-clinton-foundation_n_6550554.html. Accessed September 21, 2015."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-7-199904060-00019","article-title":"Acute heroin overdose","volume":"130","author":"Sporer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9444712.x","article-title":"Self-reported overdose among injecting drug users in London: extent and nature of the problem","volume":"94","author":"Powis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12360","article-title":"Training family members to manage heroin overdose and administer naloxone: randomized trial of effects on knowledge and attitudes","volume":"109","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib102","first-page":"303","article-title":"Naloxone distribution and cardiopulmonary resuscitation training for injection drug users to prevent heroin overdose death: a pilot intervention study","volume":"82","author":"Seal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urban Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1310\/hpj4806-473","article-title":"The Federal Controlled Substances Act: Schedules and Pharmacy Registration","volume":"48","author":"Gabay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib104","unstructured":"The Network for Public Health Law. Legal intervention to reduce overdose mortality: Naloxone access and overdose Good Samaritan laws. 2015. Available at: https:\/\/www.networkforphl.org\/_asset\/qz5pvn\/network-naloxone-10-4.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib105","first-page":"273","article-title":"Stopping an invisible epidemic: legal issues in the provision of naloxone to prevent opioid overdose","volume":"1","author":"Burris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drexel Law Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib106","unstructured":"The Network for Public Health Law. Using law to support pharmacy naloxone distribution: Issue Brief. Available at: https:\/\/www.networkforphl.org\/_asset\/qdkn97\/Pharmacy-Naloxone-Distributions.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib107","unstructured":"Example of Collaborative Practice Agreement from Washington State. Available at: http:\/\/www.stopoverdose.org\/docs\/cdtasample.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib108","unstructured":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health Opioid Overdose Education and\u00a0Naloxone Distribution: MDPH Naloxone Pilot Project Core Competencies. Available at: http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/docs\/dph\/substance-abuse\/core-competencies-for-naloxone-pilot-participants.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2015."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.968657","article-title":"Expanding access to naloxone in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Doyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.01.010","article-title":"Circumstances of witnessed drug overdose in New York City: implications for intervention","volume":"79","author":"Tracy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib111","first-page":"1102","article-title":"Police officers\u2019 and paramedics\u2019 experiences with overdose and their knowledge and opinions of Washington State\u2019s drug overdose\u2013naloxone\u2013Good Samaritan law","volume":"90","author":"Banta-Green","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urban Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.01.003","article-title":"Evaluation of an overdose prevention and response training programme for injection drug users in the Skid Row area of Los Angeles, CA","volume":"21","author":"Wagner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N.M. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 24-23-2 (2001).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1246-7391(01)80041-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib114","unstructured":"Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 94c \u00a7 19 (d) (2012)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2005.05.010","article-title":"Overdoses among friends: drug users are willing to administer naloxone to others","volume":"30","author":"Lagu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib116","unstructured":"Spears v. State, 929 So. 2d 477 (Ala. Civ. App. 2005)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib117","unstructured":"People v. Besz, 802 N.E.2d 841 (Ill. App. Ct. 2003)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2007.64","article-title":"Trends in opioid prescribing by race\/ethnicity for patients seeking care in US emergency departments","volume":"299","author":"Pletcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12328","article-title":"Rising opioid prescribing in adult US emergency department visits: 2001\u20132010","volume":"21","author":"Mazer-Amirshahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.401","article-title":"Characteristics of opioid prescriptions in 2009","volume":"305","author":"Volkow","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib121","unstructured":"American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Pain Management and opioid prescribing policies by state. 2014. Available at: http:\/\/www.aapmr.org\/advocacy\/outreach\/AAPMR%20Documents\/Pain-Management-and-Opioid-Prescribing-Policies-By-State.pdf. Accessed August 30, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib122","unstructured":"Arkansas Department of Health. Arkansas emergency department opioid prescribing guidelines. Available at: http:\/\/www.aapmr.org\/advocacy\/outreach\/AAPMR%20Documents\/Pain-Management-and-Opioid-Prescribing-Policies-By-State.pdf. Accessed August 30, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib123","unstructured":"California American College of Emergency Physicians. Safe pain medicine prescribing. Available at: http:\/\/californiaacep.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/CAL-ACEP_ED-Handout_8-5x11_ENG_v8.pdf. Accessed August 31, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib124","unstructured":"Connecticut State Medical Society. Connecticut emergency department opioid prescribing guidelines. 2015. Available at: http:\/\/documents.cthosp.org\/9\/Opioid Guidelines FINAL 1_20_2015.pdf. Accessed August 31, 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.06.029","article-title":"Should naloxone be prescribed in the ED management of patients with cardiac arrest? A case report and review of literature","volume":"26","author":"Martins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib126","unstructured":"Hawaii American College of Emergency Physicians. Hawaii emergency department opioid guidelines. 2014. Available at: http:\/\/www.hawaiiacep.org\/uploadedFiles\/Hawaii\/Best Practices.pdf. Accessed August 30, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib127","unstructured":"Maine American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency department opioid prescribing guidelines. 2014. Available at: http:\/\/www.maineacep.org\/Resources\/. Accessed August 30, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib128","unstructured":"Opioid prescribing guidelines for Oklahoma workgroup. Oklahoma emergency department (ED) and urgent care clinic (UCC) opioid prescribing guidelines. 2015. Available at: http:\/\/www.ok.gov\/health2\/documents\/UP_Oklahoma_ED-UCC_Guidelines.pdf. Accessed August 30, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib129","unstructured":"Oregon College of Emergency Physicians. Oregon emergency department (ED) opioid prescribing guidelines. 2012. Available at: http:\/\/www.ocep.org\/images\/pdf\/ed_opioid_abuse_guidelines.pdf. Accessed August 30, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib130","unstructured":"Pennsylvania College of Emergency Physicians. Pennsylvania guidelines: Emergency department (ED) pain treatment guidelines. 2014. Available at: http:\/\/www.pamedsoc.org\/DocumentVault\/VaultPDFs\/PatientcarePDFs\/ER-opioid-guidelines-PDF.pdf. Accessed August 30, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib131","unstructured":"Maryland American College of Emergency Physicians. Maryland emergency department and acute care facility guidelines for prescribing opioids. 2014. Available at: http:\/\/www.mdacep.org\/MD ACEP Pamphlet FINAL_April 2014.pdf. Accessed August 30, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib132","unstructured":"Cheng D, Majlesi N, Heller M, et\u00a0al. Clinical practice statement: Emergency department opioid prescribing guidelines for the treatment of non-cancer related pain. 2013. Available at: http:\/\/www.aaem.org\/UserFiles\/file\/Emergency-Department-Opoid-Prescribing-Guidelines.pdf. Accessed August 31, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib133","unstructured":"Emergency Department Opioid Abuse Workgroup. Washington Emergency Department Opioid Prescribing Guidelines. 2011. Available at: http:\/\/washingtonacep.org\/Postings\/edopioidabuseguidelinesfinal.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib134","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. New York City emergency department discharge opioid prescribing guidelines. 2013. Available at: http:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/html\/doh\/downloads\/pdf\/basas\/opioid-prescribing-guidelines.pdf. Accessed August 31, 2015."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1139","article-title":"Improving opioid prescribing: the New York City recommendations","volume":"309","author":"Juurlink","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib136","unstructured":"National Association of State Controlled Substances Authorities. Prescription monitoring programs. 2014. Available at: http:\/\/www.nascsa.org\/nascsaPMP\/NationalPDMPmap1.26.14.pdf. Accessed August 29, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib137","unstructured":"Missouri prescription drug monitoring program NOW coalition. Get the facts. 2015. Available at: http:\/\/mopdmpnow.com\/get-the-facts\/. Accessed August 29, 2015."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.18514","article-title":"Mandatory use of prescription drug monitoring programs","volume":"313","author":"Haffajee","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2009.12.011","article-title":"A\u00a0statewide prescription monitoring program affects emergency department prescribing behaviors","volume":"56","author":"Baehren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2014.10.24197","article-title":"Prescription drug monitoring programs: examining limitations and future approaches","volume":"16","author":"Griggs","year":"2015","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.001","article-title":"What we know, and don\u2019t know, about the impact of state policy and systems-level interventions on prescription drug overdose","volume":"145","author":"Haegerich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491412900207","article-title":"Prescription drug monitoring and dispensing of prescription opioids","volume":"129","author":"Brady","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib143","unstructured":"Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Center of Excellence at Brandeis. COE Briefing. Mandating PDMP participation by medical providers: current status and experience in selected states. 2014. Available at: http:\/\/www.pdmpexcellence.org\/sites\/all\/pdfs\/COE%20briefing%20on%20mandates%20revised_a.pdf. Accessed August 30, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib144","article-title":"Impact of an opioid prescribing guideline in the acute care setting","author":"Del Portal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.02.020","article-title":"Trends in opioid analgesic\u2013prescribing rates by specialty, US, 2007\u20132012","volume":"49","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12862","article-title":"Emergency department patient perspectives on the risk of addiction to prescription opioids","author":"Conrardy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2015.03.025","article-title":"Patient perspectives of acute pain management in the era of the opioid epidemic","volume":"66","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"}],"container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073386271500108X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073386271500108X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T12:49:59Z","timestamp":1748782199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S073386271500108X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S073386271500108X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8627","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Opioid Epidemic in the United States","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2015.11.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}