{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T09:21:40Z","timestamp":1775208100294,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","emed.theclinics.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]],"date-time":"2017-08-24T01:00:26Z","timestamp":1503536426000},"page":"727-741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Extracranial Cervical Artery Dissections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Koyfman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S30930","article-title":"A\u00a0case of traumatic intracranial vertebral artery injury presenting with life threatening symptoms","volume":"5","author":"Kishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822f03fc","article-title":"Differential features of carotid and vertebral artery dissections. The CADISP study","volume":"77","author":"Debette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70084-5","article-title":"Cervical-artery dissections: predisposing factors, diagnosis, and outcome","volume":"8","author":"Debette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.9.1702","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of ischemic stroke in young adults aged 18 to 44 years in northern Sweden","volume":"28","author":"Kristensen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1159\/000088125","article-title":"Epidemiology of cervical artery dissection","volume":"20","author":"Schievink","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front Neurol Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00954.x","article-title":"Predictors of delayed stroke in patients with cervical artery dissection","volume":"10","author":"Lichy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.03.012","article-title":"Cervical artery dissection goes frequently undiagnosed","volume":"80","author":"Grond-Ginsbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.1.26","article-title":"Clinical outcome in 287 consecutive young adults (15 to 45 years) with ischemic stroke","volume":"59","author":"Leys","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318293e2eb","article-title":"Cervical artery dissection: trauma and other potential mechanical trigger events","volume":"80","author":"Engelter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1159\/000093244","article-title":"Dissection of cervical arteries: long-term follow-up study of 130 consecutive cases","volume":"22","author":"Arauz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2009.00281.x","article-title":"CADISP genetics: an international project searching for genetic risk factors of cervical artery dissections","volume":"4","author":"Debette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2007.00165.x","article-title":"Antiplatelet therapy vs. anticoagulation in cervical artery dissection: rationale and design of the cervical artery dissection in stroke study (CADISS)","volume":"2","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70018-9","article-title":"Antiplatelet treatment compared with anticoagulation treatment for cervical artery dissection (CADISS): a randomised trial","volume":"14","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000244486.30455.71","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of cervical artery dissection. A population-based study","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.11.1443","article-title":"Incidence of internal carotid artery dissection in the community of Dijon","volume":"57","author":"Giroud","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12154","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of cerebrovascular events related to cervical artery dissection: the Dijon stroke registry","volume":"9","author":"Bejot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"14 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib17","first-page":"P5","article-title":"Cervical artery dissections in the Vancouver General Hospital (VGH) stroke database: a common stroke mechanism?","volume":"84","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001030","article-title":"Connective tissue anomalies in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection","volume":"83","author":"Giossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib19","first-page":"2202","article-title":"Age-dependent differences in cervical artery dissection","volume":"259","author":"Metso","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001057","article-title":"Differences and similarities between spontaneous dissections of the internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery","volume":"44","author":"VonBabo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2009.01.013","article-title":"Cervical artery dissection: pathology, epidemiology and management","volume":"123","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000381","article-title":"Clinical import of Horner syndrome in internal carotid and vertebral artery dissection","volume":"82","author":"Lyrer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1451","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00871.2010","article-title":"Wall stress of the cervical carotid artery in patients with carotid dissection: a case-control study","volume":"300","author":"Callaghan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.643338","article-title":"Mechanism of ischemic infarct in spontaneous cervical artery dissection","volume":"43","author":"Morel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318217e71c","article-title":"The outer arterial wall layers are primarily affected in spontaneous cervical artery dissection","volume":"76","author":"Volker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000056","article-title":"Pathophysiology and risk factors of cervical artery dissection: what have we learnt from large hospital-based cohorts?","volume":"27","author":"Debette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-014-1436-x","article-title":"Association between internal carotid artery dissection and arterial tortuosity","volume":"57","author":"Saba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-002-0838-3","article-title":"Extracranial internal carotid and vertebral artery dissections: angiographic spectrum, course and prognosis","volume":"45","author":"Pelkonen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411401634","article-title":"Migraine, migraine aura, and cervical artery dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Rist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-202541","article-title":"A\u00a0young pregnant woman with spontaneous carotid artery dissection-unknown mechanisms","volume":"2014","author":"Mohammed","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib31","first-page":"349","article-title":"Spontaneous carotid artery dissection: a rare cause of stroke in pregnancy and approach to diagnosis and management","volume":"78","author":"Mujtaba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conn Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.3.0481","article-title":"Patient presentation, angiographic features and treatment of strangulation-induced bilateral dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery. Report of three cases","volume":"92","author":"Malek","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib33","first-page":"193","article-title":"Strangulation injuries","volume":"31","author":"Stapczynski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1159\/000319043","article-title":"Late sequelae of whiplash injury with dissection of cervical arteries","volume":"64","author":"Hauser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181d8d9cf","article-title":"How can stretching maneuvers involving the neck cause vertebral artery dissection and transient ischemic attack?","volume":"52","author":"Hwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1249246","article-title":"Tenth and twelfth nerve palsies in a patient with internal carotid artery dissection mistaken for cervical mass lesion","volume":"20","author":"Arnolder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Skull Base"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318225aad2","article-title":"Cervical arterial dissections due to segmental mediolytic arteriopathy","volume":"77","author":"Fantaneanu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413485658","article-title":"The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition (beta version)","volume":"33","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000354033","article-title":"Vertebral artery dissection associated with generalized convulsive seizures: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Amin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365.e17-8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2014.09.029","article-title":"Acute tongue swelling, the only initial manifestation of carotid artery dissection: a case report with differentiation of clinical picture","volume":"29","author":"Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1916-0216-42-34","article-title":"Vocal cord paralysis secondary to spontaneous internal carotid dissection: case report and systematic review of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Nguygen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a2cc27","article-title":"Vertebral artery dissection causing an acute C5 radiculopathy","volume":"81","author":"Quinn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2013.7.4.335","article-title":"Vertebral artery dissection as a cause of cervical radiculopathy","volume":"7","author":"Silbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2010.12.008","article-title":"Risk factors and clinical features of craniocervical arterial dissection","volume":"16","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2014.10.003","article-title":"Imaging of cervical artery dissection","volume":"95","author":"Hassen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.2.235","article-title":"Time course of symptoms in extracranial carotid artery dissections. A series of 80 patients","volume":"26","author":"Biousse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e318284056a","article-title":"Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"44","author":"Jauch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0419-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of arterial dissections","volume":"14","author":"Medel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-013-1141-1","article-title":"3D fat-saturated T1 SPACE sequence for the diagnosis of cervical artery dissection","volume":"55","author":"Cuvinciuc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1189","article-title":"Comparison of multidetector CT angiography and MR imaging of cervical artery dissection","volume":"29","author":"Vertinksy","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3182012323","article-title":"Cerebrovascular dissections\u2014a review part I: spontaneous dissections","volume":"68","author":"Fusco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.78048","article-title":"Multidetector computed tomography angiography: application in vertebral artery dissection","volume":"14","author":"Teasdale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0346-7","article-title":"Carotid and vertebral artery dissections: clinical aspects, imaging features and endovascular treatment","volume":"17","author":"Flis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739.e5-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2013.02.031","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging in carotid artery dissection: a case report and review of current modalities","volume":"28","author":"Nazzal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.5.998","article-title":"Noninvasive monitoring of internal carotid artery dissection","volume":"125","author":"Steinke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31820d8d78","article-title":"2011 ASA\/ACCF\/AHA\/AANN\/AANS\/ACR\/ASNR\/CNS\/SAIP\/SCAI\/SIR\/SNIS\/SVM\/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease","volume":"124","author":"Brott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.492652","article-title":"Ultrasound diagnosis of spontaneous carotid dissection with isolated Horner syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Arnold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000198811.65068.16","article-title":"Accuracy of color duplex ultrasound diagnosis of spontaneous carotid dissection causing ischemia","volume":"37","author":"Benninger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000265595.50915.1e","article-title":"Polyarterial clustered recurrence of cervical artery dissection seems to be the rule","volume":"69","author":"Dittrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib60","first-page":"1012","article-title":"Spontaneous cervical artery dissections","volume":"1","author":"Steinsiepe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Austin J Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.158.1.3940374","article-title":"Cervical internal carotid artery dissecting hemorrhage: diagnosis using MR","volume":"158","author":"Goldberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2553","article-title":"Is it possible to recognize cervical artery dissection on stroke brain MR imaging? A matched case-control study","volume":"32","author":"Naggara","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.3.576","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic CT scan in cervical artery dissections","volume":"25","author":"Zuber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200209000-00015","article-title":"Prospective screening for blunt cerebrovascular injuries: analysis of diagnostic modalities and outcomes","volume":"236","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.190.1.8259436","article-title":"Carotid and vertebral artery dissections: three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography and MR imaging versus conventional angiography","volume":"190","author":"Levy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib66","first-page":"20","article-title":"Three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography and MR imaging versus conventional angiography in carotid artery dissections","volume":"1","author":"Stingaris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.4.474","article-title":"Magnetic resonance angiography and clinical features of extracranial vertebral artery dissection","volume":"64","author":"Auer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18645","DOI":"10.3402\/jchimp.v2i2.18645","article-title":"Imaging of carotid artery dissection","volume":"2","author":"Mozayan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib69","first-page":"769","article-title":"Multisection CT angiography compared with catheter angiography in diagnosing vertebral artery dissection","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181568cab","article-title":"Computed tomographic angiography for the diagnosis of blunt carotid\/vertebral artery injury: a note of caution","volume":"246","author":"Malhotra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib71","first-page":"691","article-title":"Screening for blunt cerebrovascular injury: evaluating the accuracy of multidetector computed tomographic angiography","volume":"59","author":"Bub","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-007-0152-6","article-title":"CT angiography versus colour-Doppler US in acute dissection of the vertebral artery","volume":"112","author":"Pugliese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib73","first-page":"345","article-title":"Drawbacks and limitations of computed tomography: views from a medical educator","volume":"31","author":"Fred","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tex Heart Inst J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2011.00605.x","article-title":"Treatment issues in spontaneous cervicocephalic artery dissections","volume":"6","author":"Arnold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.617282","article-title":"Safety and functional outcome of thrombolysis in dissection-related ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"42","author":"Zinkstock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.213","article-title":"Thrombolytic treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke related to underlying arterial dissection in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Qureshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2013-010864","article-title":"Endovascular reconstruction for progressively worsening carotid artery dissection","volume":"7","author":"Asif","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurointerv Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512143332401","article-title":"Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke","volume":"333","year":"1995","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318209ce03","article-title":"Endovascular stenting of extracranial carotid and vertebral artery dissections: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Pham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000351687","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of cervical artery dissection: ten case reports and review of the literature","volume":"1","author":"Alhelm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interv Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib81","first-page":"845","article-title":"Blunt carotid arterial injuries: implications of a new grading scale","volume":"47","author":"Biffl","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3772","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.555953","article-title":"Intravenous thrombolysis in stroke attributable to cervical artery dissection","volume":"40","author":"Engelter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804656","article-title":"Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke","volume":"359","author":"Hacke","year":"2008","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000353124","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of endovascular management of internal carotid artery dissections","volume":"1","author":"Xianjun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interv Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2015.1032242","article-title":"Safety of intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in specific conditions","volume":"14","author":"Tsivgoulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/10641960600549652","article-title":"Acute therapy and prevention of stroke in spontaneous carotid dissection","volume":"28","author":"Georgiadis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2016-012421","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of intra-arterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke due to cervical artery dissection","volume":"9","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurointerv Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2011.00637.x","article-title":"Benefits of intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke related to extracranial internal carotid dissection. Dream or reality?","volume":"7","author":"Fuentes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.12.013","article-title":"Intra-arterial thrombolysis and stent placement for traumatic carotid dissection with subsequent stroke: a combined, simultaneous endovascular approach","volume":"269","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.106.481093","article-title":"Stent-assisted endovascular thrombolysis versus intravenous thrombolysis in internal carotid artery dissection with tandem internal carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"38","author":"Lavalee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-008-0861-1","article-title":"Vertebral artery dissection complicated by basilar artery occlusion successfully treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis: three case reports","volume":"29","author":"Cerratto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1159\/000446004","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of thrombolysis in cervical artery dissection-related ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib93","first-page":"2135","article-title":"Safety and outcomes of intravenous thrombolysis in dissection-related ischemic stroke: an international multicenter study and comprehensive meta-analysis of reported case series","volume":"262","author":"Tsivgoulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03704.x","article-title":"Thrombolysis in cervical artery dissection\u2013data from the cervical artery dissection and ischaemic stroke patients (CADISP) database","volume":"19","author":"Engelter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.138800","article-title":"Treatment of cervical artery dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Menon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2011.622453","article-title":"Cervical artery dissection: risk factors, treatment, and outcome; a 5-year experience from a tertiary care center","volume":"122","author":"Yaghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a2a50a","article-title":"Aspirin vs anticoagulation in carotid artery dissection. A study of 298 patients","volume":"72","author":"Georgiadis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03825.x","article-title":"Aspirin versus anticoagulation in intra- and extracranial vertebral artery dissection","volume":"20","author":"Arauz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20160039","article-title":"Challenges in diagnosis and treatment of cervico-cephalic arterial dissections","volume":"74","author":"Conforto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000489844.01828.31","article-title":"355 Endovascular management of cervical carotid and vertebral artery dissection: indications, techniques, and outcomes from a 20-year experience","volume":"63","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-012-1114-9","article-title":"Long-term clinical and radiological results of endovascular internal trapping in vertebral artery dissection","volume":"55","author":"Kashiwazaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-014-0541-y","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of patients with vertebral artery dissection treated endovascularly: a meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Hernandez-Duran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.1.JNS091806","article-title":"Endovascular stent therapy for extracranial and intracranial carotid artery dissection: single-center experience","volume":"115","author":"Ohta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1269873","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of vertebral artery dissection using stents and coils: its pitfall and technical considerations","volume":"53","author":"Sadato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1583\/10-3065.1","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of common carotid artery dissection via the superficial temporal artery","volume":"17","author":"Stella","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endovasc Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.192153","article-title":"Recurrent stroke after cervical artery dissection","volume":"81","author":"Weimar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib107","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Cervical artery dissection\u2014clinical features, risk factors, therapy and outcome in 126 patients","volume":"250","author":"Dziwas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3944-4","article-title":"Prognosis of spontaneous cervical artery dissection and transcranial Doppler findings associated with clinical outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"}],"container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733862717300597?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733862717300597?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T10:51:36Z","timestamp":1535453496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0733862717300597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0733862717300597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8627","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Extracranial Cervical Artery Dissections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2017.06.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}