{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T12:57:19Z","timestamp":1762001839734},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]],"date-time":"2018-02-10T13:29:54Z","timestamp":1518269394000},"page":"459-472","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pediatric Major Head Injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Aaron N.","family":"Leetch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6609a1","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury\u2013related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths\u2014United States, 2007 and 2013","volume":"66","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2588","article-title":"Incidence of pediatric traumatic brain injury and associated hospital resource utilization in the United States","volume":"118","author":"Schneier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814544363","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in children and youths: a review of research since 1990","volume":"31","author":"Thurman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.5.621","article-title":"A\u00a0population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children","volume":"290","author":"Keenan","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e683","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.6.e683","article-title":"Rates of pediatric injuries by 3-month intervals for children 0 to 3 years of age","volume":"111","author":"Agran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.083980","article-title":"Derivation of the children\u2019s head injury algorithm for the prediction of important clinical events decision rule for head injury in children","volume":"91","author":"Dunning","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e238","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1063","article-title":"Performance of a decision rule to predict need for computed tomography among children with blunt head trauma","volume":"117","author":"Oman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9696","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61558-0","article-title":"Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study","volume":"374","author":"Kuppermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.091421","article-title":"CATCH: a clinical decision rule for the use of computed tomography in children with minor head injury","volume":"182","author":"Osmond","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2004.02.290","article-title":"Obtaining consensus for the definition of \u201cclinically important\u201d brain injury in the CCC study","volume":"7","author":"Stiell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.9.5.451","article-title":"Defining \u201cclinically unimportant\u201d CT findings in patients with blunt head trauma","volume":"9","author":"Atzema","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.07.008","article-title":"Neurotrauma","volume":"32","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2013.05.007","article-title":"Pediatric head injury and concussion","volume":"31","author":"Wing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.003","article-title":"Traumatic alterations in consciousness: traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Blyth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0031","article-title":"Prognostic value of secondary insults in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study","volume":"24","author":"McHugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for the acute medical management of severe traumatic brain injury in infants, children, and adolescents","volume":"4","author":"Adelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2016.08.007","article-title":"The effect of combined out-of-hospital hypotension and hypoxia on mortality in major traumatic brain injury","volume":"69","author":"Spaite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib18","first-page":"216","article-title":"The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury","volume":"34","author":"Chesnut","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03011582","article-title":"Age and the onset of desaturation in apnoeic children","volume":"41","author":"Patel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.0940","article-title":"Both hypoxemia and extreme hyperoxemia may be detrimental in patients with severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"26","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3182192c30","article-title":"Relationship between hyperglycemia and outcome in children with severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1 SUPPL","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib22","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Guidelines for the acute medical management of severe traumatic brain injury in infants, children, and adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Kochanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib23","first-page":"1363","article-title":"Advanced trauma life support (ATLS\u00ae): the ninth edition","volume":"74","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib24","series-title":"APLS - the pediatric emergency medicine resource","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics ACoEP","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2013.04.004","article-title":"Nuances in pediatric trauma","volume":"31","author":"Kenefake","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181d6db37","article-title":"The pediatric assessment triangle: a novel approach for the rapid evaluation of children","volume":"26","author":"Dieckmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e31827b52bf","article-title":"Predictive value of initial Glasgow coma scale score in pediatric trauma patients","volume":"29","author":"Cicero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2005.tb00956.x","article-title":"Performance of the pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale in children with blunt head trauma","volume":"12","author":"Holmes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80426-3","article-title":"Limitations of the Glasgow Coma Scale in predicting outcome in children with traumatic brain injury","volume":"120","author":"Lieh-Lai","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4793","article-title":"Tripartite stratification of the Glasgow Coma Scale in children with severe traumatic brain injury and mortality: an analysis from a multi-center comparative effectiveness study","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000300","article-title":"Glasgow motor scale alone is equivalent to Glasgow Coma Scale at identifying children at risk for serious traumatic brain injury","volume":"77","author":"Acker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib32","series-title":"Pediatric advanced life support provider manual","author":"American Heart Association","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3182850409","article-title":"Hyperglycemia is associated with intracranial injury in children younger than 3 years of age","volume":"29","author":"Babbitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib34","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Urogenital trauma","volume":"59","author":"Esposito","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182a685b0","article-title":"The role of serious concomitant injuries in the treatment and outcome of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"75","author":"Stewart","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-016-1396-8","article-title":"Apneic oxygenation is associated with a reduction in the incidence of hypoxemia during the RSI of patients with intracranial hemorrhage in the emergency department","volume":"11","author":"Sakles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/81.3.338","article-title":"Changes in blood-gas tensions during apnoeic oxygenation in paediatric patients","volume":"81","author":"Cook","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000610","article-title":"Effectiveness of pharmacological therapies for intracranial hypertension in children with severe traumatic brain injury\u2014results from an automated data collection system time-synched to drug administration","volume":"17","author":"Shein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001558","article-title":"Fentanyl and Midazolam are ineffective in reducing episodic intracranial hypertension in severe pediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"44","author":"Welch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib40","first-page":"e14618","article-title":"Comparison between the effects of alfentanil, fentanyl and sufentanil on hemodynamic indices during rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department","volume":"4","author":"Pouraghaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/44.11.1200","article-title":"Ketamine anaesthesia in patients with intracranial pathology","volume":"44","author":"Shapiro","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/44.12.1298","article-title":"The effect of intravenous ketamine on cerebrospinal fluid pressure","volume":"44","author":"Gibbs","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/00132586-197308000-00016","article-title":"Intracranial cerebrospinal fluid pressure in man during ketamine anesthesia","volume":"17","author":"Gardner","year":"1973","journal-title":"Surv Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"9686","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60949-1","article-title":"Etomidate versus ketamine for rapid sequence intubation in acutely ill patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"374","author":"Jabre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.06.018","article-title":"The effect of ketamine on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure and health outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.1.PEDS08319","article-title":"Effectiveness of ketamine in decreasing intracranial pressure in children with intracranial hypertension: clinical article","volume":"4","author":"Bar-Joseph","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)82743-X","article-title":"Rapid-sequence intubation in head trauma","volume":"22","author":"Walls","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000199563.64264.3a","article-title":"The effect of etomidate on intracranial pressure and systemic blood pressure in pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Bramwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1683","article-title":"Succinylcholine is associated with increased mortality when used for rapid sequence intubation of severely brain injured patients in the emergency department","volume":"36","author":"Patanwala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000119817","article-title":"Pathophysiology, treatment and outcome following severe head injury in children","volume":"5","author":"Bruce","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.75.5.0731","article-title":"Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"Muizelaar","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.4686","article-title":"Mortality and prehospital blood pressure in patients with major traumatic brain injury: implications for the hypotension threshold","volume":"152","author":"Spaite","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3182975e2f","article-title":"Differences in medical therapy goals for children with severe traumatic brain injury\u2014an international study","volume":"14","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200204000-00003","article-title":"Fluid thresholds and outcome from severe brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Clifton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000101759.23607.57","article-title":"Blood pressure and outcome after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"55","author":"Vavilala","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"5S","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61S","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199705001-00011","article-title":"Individual patient cohort analysis of the efficacy of hypertonic saline\/dextran in patients with traumatic brain injury and hypotension","volume":"42","author":"Wade","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e31820ac2ad","article-title":"Intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure responses to head elevation changes in pediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Agbeko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000108639.16783.39","article-title":"Effects of head posture on cerebral hemodynamics: its influences on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and cerebral oxygenation","volume":"54","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2017.1308609","article-title":"Body temperature after EMS transport: association with traumatic brain injury outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Gaither","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90956","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090956","article-title":"Fever burden is an independent predictor for prognosis of traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3197","article-title":"Prolonged mild therapeutic hypothermia versus fever control with tight hemodynamic monitoring and slow rewarming in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Maekawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70077-2","article-title":"Comparison of hypothermia and normothermia after severe traumatic brain injury in children (cool kids): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Adelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002205","article-title":"Meta-analysis of therapeutic hypothermia for traumatic brain injury in adult and pediatric patients","volume":"45","author":"Crompton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2016.05.007","article-title":"The role of surgical intervention in traumatic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102077","article-title":"Decompressive craniectomy in diffuse traumatic brain injury","volume":"364","author":"Cooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1605215","article-title":"Trial of decompressive craniectomy for traumatic intracranial hypertension","volume":"375","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001432","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"80","author":"Carney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.1998.00282.x","article-title":"Propofol infusion syndrome in children","volume":"8","author":"Bray","year":"1998","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1518","article-title":"Early post-traumatic seizures in moderate to severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: rates, risk factors, and clinical features","volume":"28","author":"Liesemer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80974-6","article-title":"Clinical predictors of post-traumatic seizures in children with head trauma","volume":"22","author":"Lewis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199008233230801","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, double-blind study of phenytoin for the prevention of post-traumatic seizures","volume":"323","author":"Temkin","year":"1990","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9304-y","article-title":"Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis","volume":"12","author":"Szaflarski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct1206321","article-title":"Hyperosmolar therapy for raised intracranial pressure","volume":"367","author":"Ropper","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318206b9be","article-title":"Hypertonic saline versus mannitol for the treatment of elevated intracranial pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"39","author":"Kamel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2013-202679","article-title":"Salt or sugar for your injured brain? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of mannitol versus hypertonic sodium solutions to manage raised intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury","volume":"31","author":"Rickard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e31827b54c3","article-title":"Intravenous hypertonic saline use in the pediatric emergency department","volume":"29","author":"Brenkert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.07.932","article-title":"ProTECT: a randomized clinical trial of progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury","volume":"49","author":"Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-227X-13-20","article-title":"Tranexamic acid for patients with traumatic brain injury: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Yutthakasemsunt","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9442","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17188-2","article-title":"Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14\u00a0days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"364","author":"Roberts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182984acb","article-title":"Increased morbidity and mortality of traumatic brain injury in victims of nonaccidental trauma","volume":"75","author":"Deans","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806183382507","article-title":"Nonaccidental head injury in infants\u2014the \u201cshaken-baby syndrome\u201d","volume":"338","author":"Duhaime","year":"1998","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.54.4.396","article-title":"The whiplash shaken infant syndrome: manual shaking by the extremities with whiplash-induced intracranial and intraocular bleedings, linked with residual permanent brain damage and mental retardation","volume":"54","author":"Caffey","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1545","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic characteristics associated with abusive and nonabusive head trauma: a systematic review","volume":"130","author":"Piteau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.602","article-title":"Can the initial history predict whether a child with a head injury has been abused?","volume":"111","author":"Hettler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e550","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2949","article-title":"Estimating the probability of abusive head trauma: a pooled analysis","volume":"128","author":"Maguire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.150110","article-title":"Which clinical features distinguish inflicted from non-inflicted brain injury? A systematic review","volume":"94","author":"Maguire","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib87","first-page":"155","article-title":"Shaken baby syndrome in Canada: clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospital cases","volume":"168","author":"King","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib88","first-page":"724","article-title":"Incidence of impact trauma with cranial injuries ascribed to shaking","volume":"144","author":"Alexander","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(98)00126-1","article-title":"Bruising in non-accidental head injured children; a retrospective study of the prevalence, distribution and pathological associations in 24 cases","volume":"96","author":"Atwal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01601874","article-title":"Craniocerebral trauma in the child abuse syndrome: radiological observations","volume":"14","author":"Merten","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00061-6","article-title":"The Whiplash Shaken infant syndrome: has Caffey's syndrome changed or have we changed his syndrome?","volume":"21","author":"Lazoritz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"}],"container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733862717301475?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733862717301475?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]],"date-time":"2022-08-14T05:01:43Z","timestamp":1660453303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0733862717301475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0733862717301475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8627","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pediatric Major Head Injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2017.12.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}