{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:20Z","timestamp":1791849620444,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Comparative Effectiveness Research Career Development Award","award":["KM1CA156708-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM1CA156708-01"]}]},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Award","award":["UL1RR024992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1RR024992"]}]},{"name":"Barnes-Jewish Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T05:41:59Z","timestamp":1536212519000},"page":"751-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Musculoskeletal Infections in\u00a0the\u00a0Emergency Department"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Kolinsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen Y.","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9431","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16727-5","article-title":"Osteomyelitis","volume":"364","author":"Lew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.01350","article-title":"Trends in the epidemiology of osteomyelitis: a population-based study, 1969 to 2009","volume":"97","author":"Kremers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197002052820606","article-title":"Osteomyelitis: a review of clinical features, therapeutic considerations and unusual aspects. 3. Osteomyelitis associated with vascular insufficiency","volume":"282","author":"Waldvogel","year":"1970","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"414","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000088564.81746.62","article-title":"A\u00a0clinical staging system for adult osteomyelitis","author":"Cierny","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2009.07.001","article-title":"Osteomyelitis","volume":"56","author":"Chihara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.01.010","article-title":"Osteomyelitis","volume":"31","author":"Schmitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704033361406","article-title":"Osteomyelitis","volume":"336","author":"Lew","year":"1997","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1086\/523587","article-title":"Musculoskeletal manifestations of cat scratch disease","volume":"45","author":"Maman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00949.x","article-title":"Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"10","author":"Petitjean","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-0909-3","article-title":"Management of Aspergillus osteomyelitis: report of failure of liposomal amphotericin B and response to voriconazole in an immunocompetent host and literature review","volume":"22","author":"Stratov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.09.004","article-title":"Fever of unknown origin: focused diagnostic approach based on clinical clues from the history, physical examination, and laboratory tests","volume":"21","author":"Cunha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis346","article-title":"2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections","volume":"54","author":"Lipsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.7.806","article-title":"Does this patient with diabetes have osteomyelitis of the lower extremity?","volume":"299","author":"Butalia","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409293311307","article-title":"Assessment and management of foot disease in patients with diabetes","volume":"331","author":"Caputo","year":"1994","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(09)80103-8","article-title":"Microbiology of osteomyelitis in diabetic foot infections","volume":"34","author":"Lavery","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01764.x","article-title":"Comparison of microbiological results of needle puncture vs. superficial swab in infected diabetic foot ulcer with osteomyelitis","volume":"23","author":"Kessler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1086\/498112","article-title":"Culture of percutaneous bone biopsy specimens for diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis: concordance with ulcer swab cultures","volume":"42","author":"Senneville","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1086\/590011","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the physical examination and imaging tests for osteomyelitis underlying diabetic foot ulcers: meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Dinh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.157.2.1853823","article-title":"Bacterial osteomyelitis: findings on plain radiography, CT, MR, and scintigraphy","volume":"157","author":"Gold","year":"1991","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2006.09.009","article-title":"Imaging of osteomyelitis: current concepts","volume":"20","author":"Pineda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.2.125","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing foot osteomyelitis: a meta-analysis","volume":"167","author":"Kapoor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw811","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of acute kidney injury associated with concomitant vancomycin and piperacillin\/tazobactam","volume":"64","author":"Hammond","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807008850","article-title":"Epidemiology of vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) in France: analysis of hospital-discharge data 2002-2003","volume":"136","author":"Grammatico","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E102","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000597","article-title":"The epidemiology of vertebral osteomyelitis in the United states from 1998 to 2013","volume":"31","author":"Issa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2008.03.002","article-title":"Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: a systematic review of clinical characteristics","volume":"39","author":"Mylona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00016-8","article-title":"Bone and joint infections in injection drug users","volume":"16","author":"Kak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1216-1","article-title":"Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: identification of microorganism and laboratory markers used to predict clinical outcome","volume":"19","author":"Yoon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.6.1184","article-title":"Vertebral osteomyelitis and aortic lesions: case report and review","volume":"13","author":"McHenry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2008.05.010","article-title":"Thoracic vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to chronic esophageal perforation","volume":"9","author":"Sreedharan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31815a3920","article-title":"The flatulent spine: lumbar spinal infection secondary to colonic diverticular abscess: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Hopton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Disord Tech"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/693","article-title":"Vertebral osteomyelitis: a potentially catastrophic outcome after lumbar epidural steroid injection","volume":"11","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofu022","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu022","article-title":"Spinal and paraspinal fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone injections","volume":"1","author":"Moudgal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481408001012","article-title":"Abdominal hollow viscus injuries are associated with spine and neurologic infections after penetrating spinal cord injuries","volume":"80","author":"Schwed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0188470","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188470","article-title":"Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis of the elderly: characteristics and outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Courjon","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.12.709","article-title":"Pyogenic, tuberculous, and brucellar vertebral osteomyelitis: a descriptive and comparative study of 219 cases","volume":"56","author":"Colmenero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12653","article-title":"Vertebral osteomyelitis: clinical features and diagnosis","volume":"20","author":"Eren Gok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/94.9.465","article-title":"A\u00a0case ascertainment study of septic discitis: clinical, microbiological and radiological features","volume":"94","author":"Hopkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.87B11.16294","article-title":"Spinal infections","volume":"87","author":"Govender","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000203452.36522.97","article-title":"Spinal infections: diagnostic tests and imaging studies","volume":"444","author":"An","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1097\/01.smj.0000168666.98129.33","article-title":"Hematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in the adult: clinical features and therapeutic outcomes","volume":"98","author":"Priest","year":"2005","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000244662.78725.37","article-title":"Nontuberculous pyogenic spinal infection in adults: a 12-year experience from a tertiary referral center","volume":"31","author":"Butler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.6.992","article-title":"Cervical vertebral osteomyelitis presenting as a retropharyngeal abscess","volume":"18","author":"Faidas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.2.642","article-title":"Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis presenting as exudative pleural effusion: a series of five cases","volume":"114","author":"Bass","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib44","first-page":"413","article-title":"Psoas abscess: report of a series and review of the literature","volume":"63","author":"van den Berge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib45","first-page":"53","article-title":"Clinical features, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to haematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Gasbarrini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib46","first-page":"1743","article-title":"Misdiagnosis in vertebral osteomyelitis: problems and factors","volume":"84","author":"Buranapanitkit","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Assoc Thai"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13300","article-title":"Spinal infections in older people: an analysis of demographics, presenting features, microbiology and outcomes","volume":"47","author":"Amadoru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.75.8.557","article-title":"Identifying serious causes of back pain: cancer, infection, fracture","volume":"75","author":"Siemionow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.5.509","article-title":"Bacteremic Staphylococcus aureus spondylitis","volume":"158","author":"Jensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1384-6","article-title":"Pyogenic spondylitis","volume":"36","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.753160","article-title":"Microbiological and therapeutic challenges in infectious spondylodiscitis: a cohort study of 100 cases, 2006-2011","volume":"45","author":"Aagaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0910753","article-title":"Clinical practice. Vertebral osteomyelitis","volume":"362","author":"Zimmerli","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19990801-07","article-title":"Management of vertebral diskitis and osteomyelitis","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70273-6","article-title":"Imaging of pyogenic infectious spondylodiskitis","volume":"39","author":"Varma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib55","first-page":"401","article-title":"Infectious spondylodiscitis","volume":"56","author":"Cottle","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2002.29492","article-title":"Spontaneous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis in nondrug users","volume":"31","author":"Nolla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ482","article-title":"2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults","volume":"61","author":"Berbari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200007010-00010","article-title":"Hematogenous pyogenic spinal infections and their surgical management","volume":"25","author":"Hadjipavlou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1838-y","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: aetiology, predisponent factors and clinical outcomes in a 4-year prospective study","volume":"20","author":"Zimmerer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra055111","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess","volume":"355","author":"Darouiche","year":"2006","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(99)00055-5","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: contemporary trends in etiology, evaluation, and management","volume":"52","author":"Rigamonti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050002","article-title":"Infection as a cause of spinal cord compression: a review of 36 spinal epidural abscess cases","volume":"142","author":"Akalan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00011954","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients","volume":"23","author":"Reihsaus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.09.003","article-title":"Mortality, complication risk, and total charges after the treatment of epidural abscess","volume":"15","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/9.2.265","article-title":"Update on spinal epidural abscess: 35 cases and review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Danner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2004.08.081","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: clinical presentation, management, and outcome","volume":"63","author":"Curry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(02)00925-4","article-title":"Title comparison of primary and secondary spinal epidural abscesses: a retrospective analysis of 29 cases","volume":"59","author":"Khan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm100","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess in clinical practice","volume":"101","author":"Sendi","year":"2008","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199008000-00001","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: a ten-year perspective","volume":"27","author":"Hlavin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2006.11.002","article-title":"Suggestions for managing pyogenic (non-tuberculous) discitis in adults","volume":"74","author":"Grados","year":"2007","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"243","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib71","first-page":"36","article-title":"Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds","author":"Patzakis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658040-00004","article-title":"Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses","volume":"58","author":"Gustilo","year":"1976","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib73","first-page":"742","article-title":"Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures","volume":"24","author":"Gustilo","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib74","article-title":"Antibiotics for preventing infection in open limb fractures","author":"Gosselin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B1.27026","article-title":"Early antibiotics and debridement independently reduce infection in an open fracture model","volume":"94","author":"Penn-Barwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000262","article-title":"Type III open tibia fractures: immediate antibiotic prophylaxis minimizes infection","volume":"29","author":"Lack","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.01.005","article-title":"Prevention of infection in open fractures","volume":"31","author":"Zalavras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2006.7.379","article-title":"Surgical Infection Society guideline: prophylactic antibiotic use in open fractures: an evidence-based guideline","volume":"7","author":"Hauser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib79","first-page":"751","article-title":"EAST practice management guidelines work group: update to practice management guidelines for prophylactic antibiotic use in open fractures","volume":"70","author":"Hoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib80","first-page":"S235","article-title":"Prevention of infections associated with combat-related extremity injuries","volume":"71","author":"Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.470","article-title":"Incidence and sources of native and prosthetic joint infection: a community based prospective survey","volume":"56","author":"Kaandorp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.077131","article-title":"Septic arthritis in Iceland 1990-2002: increasing incidence due to iatrogenic infections","volume":"67","author":"Geirsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150434","article-title":"Native joint septic arthritis: epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiological causes in a New Zealand population","volume":"42","author":"Kennedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23270","article-title":"Septic arthritis in emergency departments in the US: a national study of health care utilization and time trends","volume":"70","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780381215","article-title":"Risk factors for septic arthritis in patients with joint disease. A prospective study","volume":"38","author":"Kaandorp","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.01.001","article-title":"Septic arthritis of native joints","volume":"31","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.06.059","article-title":"Septic arthritis in intravenous drug abusers: a historical comparison of habits and pathogens","volume":"47","author":"Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofv207","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv207","article-title":"Candida arthritis: analysis of 112 pediatric and adult cases","volume":"3","author":"Gamaletsou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.13.1478","article-title":"Does this adult patient have septic arthritis?","volume":"297","author":"Margaretten","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2011.01121.x","article-title":"Evidence-based diagnostics: adult septic arthritis","volume":"18","author":"Carpenter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9717","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61595-6","article-title":"Bacterial septic arthritis in adults","volume":"375","author":"Mathews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1086\/668421","article-title":"Incidence, secular trends, and outcomes of prosthetic joint infection: a population-based study, Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1969-2007","volume":"33","author":"Tsaras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.01639","article-title":"Variation in hospital-level risk-standardized complication rates following elective primary total hip and knee arthroplasty","volume":"96","author":"Bozic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1569-2","article-title":"Variation in prosthetic joint infection and treatment strategies during 4.5 years of follow-up after primary joint arthroplasty using administrative data of 41397 patients across Australian, European and United States hospitals","volume":"18","author":"Marang-van de Mheen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2016.03.004","article-title":"Periprosthetic joint infection after hip and knee arthroplasty: a review for emergency care providers","volume":"68","author":"Luthringer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis803","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"56","author":"Osmon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0150866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150866","article-title":"Patient-related risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection after total joint arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.01.008","article-title":"Diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection: cultures, biomarker and criteria","volume":"31","author":"Gomez-Urena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.9314EBO","article-title":"American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons clinical practice guideline on: the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee","volume":"93","author":"Della Valle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2014.03.009","article-title":"Definition of periprosthetic joint infection","volume":"29","author":"Parvizi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3830","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01467-13","article-title":"Preoperative aspiration culture for preoperative diagnosis of infection in total hip or knee arthroplasty","volume":"51","author":"Qu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"8 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2013.04.057","article-title":"Should draining wounds and sinuses associated with hip and knee arthroplasties be cultured?","volume":"28","author":"Tetreault","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.02.070","article-title":"Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection\u2014an algorithm-based approach","volume":"32","author":"Ting","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"}],"container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733862718300580?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733862718300580?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T22:39:35Z","timestamp":1751841575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0733862718300580"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0733862718300580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8627","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Musculoskeletal Infections in\u00a0the\u00a0Emergency Department","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}