{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:26:06Z","timestamp":1791973566625,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T21:40:25Z","timestamp":1574199625000},"page":"103-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Emergent Evaluation and Treatment of Shoulder, Clavicle, and Humerus Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jacob","family":"Stelter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Chiampas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib1","series-title":"Rosen\u2019s emergency medicine","first-page":"576","article-title":"Shoulder","author":"Daya","year":"2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib2","first-page":"453","article-title":"Chronic shoulder pain: part I. Evaluation and diagnosis","volume":"77","author":"Burbank","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib3","first-page":"3079","article-title":"The painful shoulder: part I. Clinical evaluation","volume":"61","author":"Woodward","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib4","series-title":"Sports medicine for the emergency physician","first-page":"2","article-title":"Shoulder","author":"Guyer","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961050-00017","article-title":"Normal range of motion of joints in male subjects","volume":"61","author":"Boone","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/TME.0b013e318217c958","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury: a Midwest survey of discharge teaching practices of emergency department nurses","volume":"33","author":"Bay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Emerg Nurs J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B3.8175837","article-title":"Nerve lesions in primary shoulder dislocations and humeral neck fractures. A prospective clinical and EMG study","volume":"76","author":"de Laat","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.81B4.0810679","article-title":"The incidence of nerve injury in anterior dislocation of the shoulder and its influence on functional recovery. A prospective clinical and EMG study","volume":"81","author":"Visser","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.038406","article-title":"Physical examination tests of the shoulder: a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests","volume":"42","author":"Hegedus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658201000602","article-title":"Delineation of diagnostic criteria and a rehabilitation program for rotator cuff injuries","volume":"10","author":"Jobe","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib11","first-page":"1446","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B3.1670434","article-title":"Isolated rupture of the tendon of the subscapularis muscle. Clinical features in 16 cases","volume":"73","author":"Gerber","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"173","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib13","first-page":"70","article-title":"Impingement lesions","author":"Neer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658000800302","article-title":"Impingement syndrome in athletes","volume":"8","author":"Hawkins","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072090-00009","article-title":"Translation of the humeral head on the glenoid with passive glenohumeral motion","volume":"72","author":"Harryman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib16","first-page":"383","article-title":"On the frozen shoulder","volume":"12","author":"Mc","year":"1951","journal-title":"Bull Hosp Joint Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503261723","article-title":"Diagnostic value of physical tests for isolated chronic acromioclavicular lesions","volume":"32","author":"Chronopoulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509332505","article-title":"Clinical utility of traditional and new tests in the diagnosis of biceps tendon injuries and superior labrum anterior and posterior lesions in the shoulder","volume":"37","author":"Ben Kibler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(98)70012-X","article-title":"Specificity of the Speed's test: arthroscopic technique for evaluating the biceps tendon at the level of the bicipital groove","volume":"14","author":"Bennett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-018-0645-3","article-title":"Using data-driven sublanguage pattern mining to induce knowledge models: application in medical image reports knowledge representation","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.05.003","article-title":"Acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint injuries","volume":"39","author":"Macdonald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324826an1303_4","article-title":"Measurement of symptoms following sports-related concussion: reliability and normative data for the post-concussion scale","volume":"13","author":"Lovell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00034","article-title":"Fractures of the clavicle","volume":"91","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-20030101-20","article-title":"Medial clavicle physis fracture with posterior displacement and vascular compromise: the value of three-dimensional computed tomography and duplex ultrasound","volume":"26","author":"Hanby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23270","article-title":"Septic arthritis in emergency departments in the US: a national study of health care utilization and time trends","volume":"70","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-16-00103","article-title":"Septic arthritis of the shoulder: a comparison of treatment methods","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.01.001","article-title":"Septic arthritis of native joints","volume":"31","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.13.1478","article-title":"Does this adult patient have septic arthritis?","volume":"297","author":"Margaretten","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr047","article-title":"Adult native septic arthritis: a review of 10 years of experience and lessons for empirical antibiotic therapy","volume":"66","author":"Clerc","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2011.01121.x","article-title":"Evidence-based diagnostics: adult septic arthritis","volume":"18","author":"Carpenter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.12.001","article-title":"How sensitive is the synovial fluid white blood cell count in diagnosing septic arthritis?","volume":"25","author":"McGillicuddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.05.033","article-title":"Arthroscopic management of native shoulder septic arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Abdel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8627(05)70101-2","article-title":"Emergency department evaluation and treatment of the shoulder and humerus","volume":"17","author":"Blake","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769010-00003","article-title":"Locked posterior dislocation of the shoulder","volume":"69","author":"Hawkins","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-200106000-00017","article-title":"Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocation: the importance of the axillary radiographic view","volume":"8","author":"Clough","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2005.09.006","article-title":"Selective radiography in 100 patients with suspected shoulder dislocation","volume":"31","author":"Hendey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2004.03.009","article-title":"Clinical factors predicting fractures associated with an anterior shoulder dislocation","volume":"11","author":"Emond","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.01.003","article-title":"The role of post-reduction radiographs after shoulder dislocation","volume":"33","author":"Kahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(86)90161-0","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of the Milch and Kocher techniques for acute anterior dislocation of the shoulder","volume":"17","author":"Beattie","year":"1986","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.9.1.40","article-title":"The Milch technique for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations in an accident and emergency department","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib41","first-page":"732","volume":"3","author":"Milch","year":"1938","journal-title":"Treatment of dislocation of the shoulder, Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2004.019752","article-title":"Scapular manipulation technique for reduction of traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations: experiences of an academic emergency department","volume":"22","author":"Baykal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib43","first-page":"17","article-title":"The external rotation method for reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocations","volume":"10","author":"Marinelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200411000-00011","article-title":"The external rotation method for reduction of acute anterior dislocations and fracture-dislocations of the shoulder","volume":"86-a","author":"Eachempati","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200212000-00002","article-title":"Comparison of intra-articular lidocaine and intravenous sedation for reduction of shoulder dislocations: a randomized, prospective study","volume":"84-a","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib46","first-page":"356","article-title":"An easy method of reduction dislocation of the shoulder and hip","volume":"57","author":"Stimson","year":"1900","journal-title":"Med Rec"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300322","article-title":"Anterior shoulder dislocation. A simple and rapid method for reduction","volume":"23","author":"Westin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.18.5.370","article-title":"An easy method to reduce anterior shoulder dislocation: the Spaso technique","volume":"18","author":"Yuen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2008.03.040","article-title":"The Spaso technique: a prospective study of 34 dislocations","volume":"27","author":"Fernandez-Valencia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.01.004","article-title":"Milch versus Stimson technique for nonsedated reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation: a prospective randomized trial and analysis of factors affecting success","volume":"21","author":"Amar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00164.x","article-title":"Intraarticular lidocaine versus intravenous procedural sedation with narcotics and benzodiazepines for reduction of the dislocated shoulder: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Fitch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738111416777","article-title":"Intra-articular lidocaine injection for shoulder reductions: a clinical review","volume":"3","author":"Waterbrook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2008.12.021","article-title":"Postreduction management of first-time traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations","volume":"53","author":"McNeil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00070","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment of primary anterior shoulder dislocation in patients forty years of age and younger. a prospective twenty-five-year follow-up","volume":"90","author":"Hovelius","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200105000-00003","article-title":"Position of immobilization after dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. A study with use of magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"83-a","author":"Itoi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509331943","article-title":"How long should acute anterior dislocations of the shoulder be immobilized in external rotation?","volume":"37","author":"Scheibel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00654","article-title":"Immobilization in external rotation after shoulder dislocation reduces the risk of recurrence. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"89","author":"Itoi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/000164701753542023","article-title":"The epidemiology of proximal humeral fractures","volume":"72","author":"Court-Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623273","article-title":"Changing incidence and residual lifetime risk of common osteoporosis-related fractures","volume":"3","author":"Lauritzen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(05)80063-1","article-title":"Incidence and causes of shoulder girdle injuries in an urban population","volume":"4","author":"Nordqvist","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116314","article-title":"Risk factors for fractures of the distal forearm and proximal humerus. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group","volume":"135","author":"Kelsey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070040","article-title":"The injury mechanisms of osteoporotic upper extremity fractures among older adults: a controlled study of 287 consecutive patients and their 108 controls","volume":"11","author":"Palvanen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-009-0975-9","article-title":"Clinical and radiological evaluation of minimally displaced proximal humeral fractures","volume":"130","author":"Bahrs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2001.118002","article-title":"Nerve lesions in proximal humeral fractures","volume":"10","author":"Visser","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib65","first-page":"594","article-title":"Rural curricular guidelines based on practice scope of recent residency graduates practicing in small communities","volume":"49","author":"Skariah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib66","article-title":"Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults","author":"Handoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i10.838","article-title":"Operative vs non-operative management of displaced proximal humeral fractures in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"6","author":"Rabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.01419","article-title":"Immediate mobilization compared with conventional immobilization for the impacted nonoperatively treated proximal humeral fracture. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"89","author":"Lefevre-Colau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932441","article-title":"Functional results following fractures of the proximal humerus. A controlled clinical study comparing two periods of immobilization","volume":"108","author":"Kristiansen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000194677.02506.45","article-title":"Proximal humerus fracture rehabilitation","volume":"442","author":"Hodgson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2002.126613","article-title":"Epidemiology of clavicle fractures","volume":"11","author":"Postacchini","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.80B3.0800476","article-title":"Fractures of the clavicle in the adult. Epidemiology and classification","volume":"80","author":"Robinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196749040-00024","article-title":"Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation","volume":"49","author":"Allman","year":"1967","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib74","first-page":"330","article-title":"Clavicle fracture complicated by pneumothorax. Case report and literature review","volume":"28","author":"Geraci","year":"2007","journal-title":"G\u00a0Chir"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678709146346","article-title":"Treatment of clavicular fractures. Figure-of-eight bandage versus a simple sling","volume":"58","author":"Andersen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib76","series-title":"Simon\u2019s emergency orthopedics","first-page":"331","article-title":"Shoulder","author":"Hussain","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200704000-00007","article-title":"Acute midshaft clavicular fracture","volume":"15","author":"Jeray","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-008-0775-7","article-title":"Shaft fractures of the clavicle: current concepts","volume":"129","author":"Smekal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bot.0000172287.44278.ef","article-title":"Treatment of acute midshaft clavicle fractures: systematic review of 2144 fractures: on behalf of the Evidence-Based Orthopaedic Trauma Working Group","volume":"19","author":"Zlowodzki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200407000-00002","article-title":"Estimating the risk of nonunion following nonoperative treatment of a clavicular fracture","volume":"86-a","author":"Robinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib81","first-page":"35","article-title":"Deficits following nonoperative treatment of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures","volume":"88","author":"McKee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199004020-00002","article-title":"Type II distal clavicle fractures: a retrospective review of surgical treatment","volume":"4","author":"Kona","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsa.0000212330.32969.6e","article-title":"Treatment of the acute traumatic acromioclavicular separation","volume":"14","author":"Bishop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200904000-00002","article-title":"Acromioclavicular joint injuries: diagnosis and management","volume":"17","author":"Simovitch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2008.06.006","article-title":"Acromioclavicular joint problems in athletes and new methods of management","volume":"27","author":"Rios","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"8 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2015.09.010","article-title":"Reliability of radiographic measurements for acromioclavicular joint separations","volume":"101","author":"Gastaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib87","first-page":"29","article-title":"Classification and radiographic analysis of acromioclavicular dislocations","volume":"18","author":"Willams","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0000000000000203","article-title":"Upper extremity: acromioclavicular joint injuries","volume":"26","author":"Felder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Orthop Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(00)90050-0","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint injuries","volume":"18","author":"Ferrera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(05)70140-1","article-title":"Conservative management of sternoclavicular injuries","volume":"31","author":"Yeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib91","first-page":"381","article-title":"Posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint with obstruction of the innominate vein: case report","volume":"44","author":"Ono","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(02)00112-6","article-title":"Treatment and results of sternoclavicular joint injuries","volume":"22","author":"Bicos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.90B6.20391","article-title":"Disorders of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"90","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466030-00010","article-title":"Acute traumatic retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle","volume":"66","author":"Buckerfield","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B1.22186","article-title":"Posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint and epiphyseal disruption of the medial clavicle with posterior displacement in sports participants","volume":"92","author":"Laffosse","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(96)00027-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of rotator cuff tears in the emergency department","volume":"14","author":"SooHoo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.91B2.21069","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic tears of the rotator cuff: an ultrasonographic and clinical study","volume":"91","author":"Moosmayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2009.04.006","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of a rotator cuff tear in the general population","volume":"19","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib99","series-title":"Sports medicine a comprehensive approach","first-page":"227","article-title":"The shoulder","author":"Ahmad","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.112.3.507","article-title":"Roentgen diagnosis of rotator cuff tear. Report of 48 surgically proven cases","volume":"112","author":"Kotzen","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.256045203","article-title":"Rotator cuff tears: clinical, radiographic, and US findings","volume":"25","author":"Moosikasuwan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2016.08.014","article-title":"Shoulder injuries in the overhead throwing athlete","volume":"33","author":"Mlynarek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260050201","article-title":"The active compression test: a new and effective test for diagnosing labral tears and acromioclavicular joint abnormality","volume":"26","author":"O'Brien","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e510","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000510","article-title":"Treatments for shoulder impingement syndrome: a PRISMA systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2013.773413","article-title":"Correlation of acromial morphology with impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tears","volume":"84","author":"Balke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318198e2e3","article-title":"Shoulder impingement: relationship of clinical symptoms and imaging criteria","volume":"19","author":"Mayerhoefer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib107","first-page":"260","article-title":"The Neer sign and Hawkins-Kennedy test for shoulder impingement","volume":"57","author":"Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200701000-00002","article-title":"The efficacy of subacromial corticosteroid injection in the treatment of rotator cuff disease: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Koester","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.2916","article-title":"Frozen shoulder: evidence and a proposed model guiding rehabilitation","volume":"39","author":"Kelley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1081-0","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder, treatment with corticosteroid, corticosteroid with distension or treatment-as-usual; a randomised controlled trial in primary care","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-007-0291-2","article-title":"Idiopathic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a review","volume":"15","author":"Brue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181705d39","article-title":"The prevalence of a diabetic condition and adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder","volume":"101","author":"Tighe","year":"2008","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70266-0","article-title":"Biceps tendinitis and subluxation","volume":"20","author":"Patton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib114","first-page":"470","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of biceps tendinitis and tendinosis","volume":"80","author":"Churgay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"246","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib115","first-page":"117","article-title":"Primary tendinitis of the long head of the biceps","author":"Post","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198803000-00036","article-title":"Rupture of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii. Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment","volume":"228","author":"Mariani","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201011000-00002","article-title":"Long head of the biceps tendinopathy: diagnosis and management","volume":"18","author":"Nho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3465-8","article-title":"Single injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for the treatment of refractory distal biceps tendonitis: long-term results of a prospective multicenter cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Sanli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006_bib119","series-title":"Simon\u2019s emergency orthopedics","first-page":"323","article-title":"Upper arm","author":"Glass","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733862719300975?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733862719300975?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T05:53:38Z","timestamp":1665035618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0733862719300975"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0733862719300975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8627","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Emergent Evaluation and Treatment of Shoulder, Clavicle, and Humerus Injuries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2019.09.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}