{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:08:40Z","timestamp":1788984520734,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T08:08:19Z","timestamp":1596096499000},"page":"871-889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Massive Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Katrina","family":"D\u2019Amore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Swaminathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.06.028","article-title":"Acute severe gastrointestinal tract bleeding is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism and death","volume":"15","author":"Nagata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.10.011","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"22","author":"Leerdam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.253","article-title":"Does this patient have a severe upper gastrointestinal bleed?","volume":"307","author":"Srygley","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib4","article-title":"Perfusion indices revisited","volume":"5","author":"Hasanin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intensive Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.10.024","article-title":"Management of lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding","volume":"22","author":"Barnert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00167-3","article-title":"Early predictors of severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding and adverse outcomes: a prospective study","volume":"2","author":"Velayos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.03.021","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality in lower intestinal bleeding","volume":"6","author":"Strate","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joad.2015.04.006","article-title":"Shock index as a mortality predictor in patients with acute polytrauma","volume":"4","author":"Montoya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Acute Disease"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13070683","article-title":"Prediction of massive transfusion in trauma patients with shock index, modified shock index, and age shock index","volume":"13","author":"Rau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib10","first-page":"1426","article-title":"Utility of the shock index in predicting mortality in traumatically injured patients","volume":"67","author":"Cannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib11","first-page":"384","article-title":"Identifying risk for massive transfusion in the relatively normotensive patient: utility of the prehospital shock index","volume":"70","author":"Vandromme","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tvir.2004.12.001","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tech Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i11.1154","article-title":"Trends on gastrointestinal bleeding and mortality: Where are we standing?","volume":"18","author":"El-Tawil","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(88)80079-9","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of severe hematochezia","volume":"95","author":"Jensen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(98)70043-4","article-title":"Acute lower intestinal bleeding. Part I: Clinical presentation and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Zuckerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2009.083485","article-title":"Intravenous fluid resuscitation: was Poiseuille right?","volume":"28","author":"Reddick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib17","series-title":"Massive transfusion","author":"Jennings","year":"2019"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.07.008","article-title":"Risk factors associated with difficult venous access in adult ED patients","volume":"32","author":"Fields","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12245-009-0116-9","article-title":"Intraosseous vascular access in adults using the EZ-IO in an emergency department","volume":"2","author":"Ngo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib20","first-page":"359","article-title":"Intraosseous infusion of blood products and epinephrine in an adult patient in hemorrhagic shock","volume":"77","author":"Burgert","year":"2009","journal-title":"AANA J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.5858\/2009-0381-OA.1","article-title":"A\u00a0new study of intraosseous blood for laboratory analysis","volume":"134","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211801","article-title":"Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"368","author":"Villanueva","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9989","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61999-1","article-title":"Restrictive versus liberal blood transfusion for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (TRIGGER): a pragmatic, open-label, cluster randomised feasibility trial","volume":"386","author":"Jairath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib24","first-page":"398","article-title":"Emergency department crystalloid resuscitation of 1.5 l or more is associated with increased mortality in elderly and nonelderly trauma patients","volume":"70","author":"Ley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7243\/2052-6229-1-1","article-title":"Impact of crystalloids and colloids on coagulation cascade during trauma resuscitation-a literature review","volume":"1","author":"Kaczynski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Med Health Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/80.3.313","article-title":"Effects of hypothermia on thrombelastography in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"80","author":"Kettner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib27","first-page":"624","article-title":"Acidosis impairs the coagulation: a thromboelastographic study","volume":"61","author":"Engstr\u00f6m","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib28","series-title":"Advanced trauma life support for doctors","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201408-1575LE","article-title":"Early peripheral perfusion\u2013guided fluid therapy in patients with septic shock","volume":"191","author":"van Genderen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70111-4","article-title":"Hematologic management of gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"29","author":"Maltz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13580","article-title":"A\u00a0practical guideline for the haematological management of major haemorrhage","volume":"170","author":"Hunt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31823d33e3","article-title":"Platelet transfusion threshold in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"46","author":"Razzaghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181f22b5a","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment of coagulopathy in massive hemorrhage and hemodilution","volume":"113","author":"Bolliger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.12","article-title":"Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: the PROPPR randomized clinical trial","volume":"313","author":"Holcomb","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.143.7.686","article-title":"A\u00a0massive transfusion protocol to decrease blood component use and costs","volume":"143","author":"O\u2019Keeffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib36","article-title":"A\u00a0decade of damage control resuscitation","volume":"1","author":"Cole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001608","article-title":"Goal-directed hemostatic resuscitation of trauma-induced coagulopathy","volume":"263","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02458.x","article-title":"REVIEWS: Hemostatic resuscitation for massive bleeding: the paradigm of plasma and platelets-a review of the current literature","volume":"50","author":"Johansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12214","article-title":"Low hemorrhage-related mortality in trauma patients in a Level I trauma center employing transfusion packages and early thromboelastography-directed hemostatic resuscitation with plasma and platelets","volume":"53","author":"Johansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2018.7.37893","article-title":"The misunderstood coagulopathy of liver disease: a review for the acute setting","volume":"19","author":"Harrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13930","article-title":"The place of viscoelastic testing in clinical practice","volume":"173","author":"Hans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib42","article-title":"Thromboelastography (TEG) or thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to monitor haemostatic treatment versus usual care in adults or children with bleeding","author":"Wikkels\u00f8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib43","article-title":"Thromboelastography-guided blood component use in patients with cirrhosis with nonvariceal bleeding: a randomized controlled trial","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thromboelastometry-guided therapy of massive gastrointestinal bleeding in a 12-year old boy with severe Graft-versus-Host Disease","volume":"13","author":"Spiezia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib45","first-page":"217","article-title":"Acquired hypofibrinogenemia: current perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Besser","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Blood Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2253-14-109","article-title":"Administration of fibrinogen concentrate for refractory bleeding in massively transfused, non-trauma patients with coagulopathy: a retrospective study with comparator group","volume":"14","author":"Leal-Noval","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib47","article-title":"Functional fibrinogen assay indicates that fibrinogen is critical in correcting abnormal clot strength following trauma","volume":"1","author":"Harr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.05.044","article-title":"National trends in ambulatory oral anticoagulant use","volume":"128","author":"Barnes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.967299","article-title":"National Trends in oral anticoagulant use in the United States, 2007 to 2011","volume":"5","author":"Kirley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.09.1085","article-title":"2017 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on management of bleeding in patients on oral anticoagulants","volume":"70","author":"Tomaselli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13139","article-title":"Mortality outcomes in patients receiving direct oral anticoagulants: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Chai-Adisaksopha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25475","article-title":"Reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: Guidance from the Anticoagulation Forum","volume":"94","author":"Cuker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2174\/1871525714666160524144359","article-title":"Reversal of newer direct oral anticoagulant drugs (DOACs)","volume":"14","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.07.017","article-title":"No benefit from platelet transfusion for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking antiplatelet agents","volume":"15","author":"Zakko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13576","article-title":"Desmopressin for treatment of platelet dysfunction and reversal of antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Desborough","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2002.03460.x","article-title":"Effects of desmopressin on thrombogenesis in aspirin-induced platelet dysfunction","volume":"117","author":"Peter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2011.10.002","article-title":"Preoxygenation and prevention of desaturation during emergency airway management","volume":"59","author":"Weingart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2010.02.014","article-title":"Preoxygenation, reoxygenation, and delayed sequence intubation in the emergency department","volume":"40","author":"Weingart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib59","series-title":"Bag mask ventilation (bag valve mask, BVM)","author":"Bucher","year":"2019"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2005.04374.x","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective, randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of pre-oxygenation in the 20\u00b0 head-up vs supine position","volume":"60","author":"Lane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200506000-00009","article-title":"Preoxygenation is more effective in the 25\u00b0 head-up position than in the supine position in severely obese patients","volume":"102","author":"Dixon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001184","article-title":"Head-elevated patient positioning decreases complications of emergent tracheal intubation in the ward and intensive care unit","volume":"122","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13805","article-title":"Multicenter comparison of nonsupine versus supine positioning during intubation in the emergency department: a national emergency airway registry (NEAR) study","volume":"26","author":"Stoecklein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.09.025","article-title":"Delayed sequence intubation: a prospective observational study","volume":"65","author":"Weingart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6681","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6681.1158","article-title":"Balloon tamponade in variceal bleeding: use and misuse","volume":"298","author":"Vlavianos","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6563","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i41.6563","article-title":"Esophageal rupture due to Sengstaken-Blakemore tube misplacement","volume":"11","author":"Chong","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04746.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding - an updated Cochrane review","volume":"34","author":"Chavez-Tapia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2006.21.5.883","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis using third generation cephalosporins can reduce the risk of early rebleeding in the first acute gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage: a prospective randomized study","volume":"21","author":"Jun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i7.1790","article-title":"Role of prophylactic antibiotics in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000193","article-title":"Somatostatin analogues for acute bleeding oesophageal varices","author":"G\u00f8tzsche","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005415.pub3","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding","author":"Sreedharan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002094.pub2","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor treatment for acute peptic ulcer bleeding","author":"Leontiadis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib74","series-title":"Tranexamic acid","author":"Chauncey","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199957060-00017","article-title":"Tranexamic acid: a review of its use in surgery and other indications","volume":"57","author":"Dunn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006640.pub3","article-title":"Tranexamic acid for upper gastrointestinal bleeding","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10241","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30848-5","article-title":"Effects of a high-dose 24-h infusion of tranexamic acid on death and thromboembolic events in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding (HALT-IT): an international randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"395","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v11.i2.68","article-title":"Role of endoscopy in acute gastrointestinal bleeding in real clinical practice: An evidence-based review","volume":"11","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.11.1393","article-title":"Endoscopy for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage: is sooner better?","volume":"161","author":"Spiegel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.08.049","article-title":"Relationship between timing of endoscopy and mortality in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"85","author":"Laursen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)80137-4","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment versus endoscopic plus pharmacologic treatment for variceal bleeding","volume":"36","author":"Banares","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2013.46.5.476","article-title":"Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: is urgent colonoscopy necessary for all hematochezia?","volume":"46","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.41","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"111","author":"Strate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073386272030064X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073386272030064X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T10:27:33Z","timestamp":1760005653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S073386272030064X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S073386272030064X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8627","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Massive Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2020.06.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}