{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T22:22:19Z","timestamp":1792534939506,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]],"date-time":"2018-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522195200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":331,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006228","name":"U.S. Department of Energy program through Oak Ridge National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006228","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006161","name":"U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Energy and Buildings"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T17:30:23Z","timestamp":1488216623000},"page":"191-201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Review of energy efficiency and system performance of residential heat pump water heaters"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Willem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Lekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0005","series-title":"Field Performance of Heat Pump Water Heaters in The Northeast","author":"Shapiro","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0010","unstructured":"NEEA Heat Pump Water Heater Model Validation Study, 2015. Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, 7475; Portland, OR; 74\u201375."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2010.12.009","article-title":"Air-source heat pump carbon footprints: HFC impacts and comparison to other heat sources","volume":"39","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2010.04.012","article-title":"LCA-based environmental assessment of the use and maintenance of heating and ventilation systems in Dutch dwellings","volume":"11","author":"Blom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.G.N. Haldane The heat pump\u2013an economical method of producing low grade heat from electricity, IEEE, 68 (402), 1930; 666\u2013675.","DOI":"10.1049\/jiee-1.1930.0066"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0030","unstructured":"G. Wilkes, F.M. Reed, U.S. Patent No. 2095017, in, 1937."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0035","unstructured":"F.L. La Porte, U.S. Patent No. 2526032, in, 1950."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0040","unstructured":"G. Electric, U.S. Patent No. 3017162A, in, 1962."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0045","unstructured":"A.D. Little, U.S. Patent No. 4474018A, in, 1982."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0050","first-page":"15","article-title":"The unitary heat pump industry","volume":"19","author":"Pietsch","year":"1977","journal-title":"ASHRAE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0055","series-title":"Research and Development of a Heat-Pump Water Heater","author":"Dunning","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0060","series-title":"Demonstration of a Heat Pump Water Heater","author":"Sloane","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0065","series-title":"A Comparison of Laboratory and Field-Test Measurements of Heat-Pump Water Heaters","author":"Levins","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0070","series-title":"Heat Pump Water Heaters","author":"Calm","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0075","series-title":"Heat Pump Water Heater","author":"Dobyns","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0080","article-title":"Air-to-water heat pumps for the home","author":"Bodzin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Home Energy Magazine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0085","series-title":"Heat Pump Water Heater Durability Testing\u2014Phase II","author":"Baxter","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0090","series-title":"Heat Pump Water Heater Technology: Experiences of Residential Consumers and Utilities","author":"Ashdown","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0095","series-title":"Design Refinement and Demonstration of a Market-Optimized Residential Heat-Pump Water Heater","author":"Zogg","year":"2004"},{"issue":"133","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0100","first-page":"40541","article-title":"Test procedures for residential and commercial water heaters","volume":"79","author":"Department of Energy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fed. Regist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0105","series-title":"NEEA Heat pump Water Heater Field Study Report","author":"Strategies","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.09.061","article-title":"Myths and facts about electricity in the U.S. South","volume":"40","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"73","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0115","first-page":"20111","article-title":"Energy conservation standards for residential water heaters, direct heating equipment, and pool heaters","volume":"75","author":"Department of Energy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fed. Regist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.09.006","article-title":"Review of water-heating systems: general selection approach based on energy and environmental aspects","volume":"72","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2009.10.001","article-title":"Factors influencing the uptake of heat pump technology by the UK domestic sector","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2008.08.002","article-title":"A review of heat pump water heating systems","volume":"13","author":"Hepbasli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0135","series-title":"Durability Testing Results: Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report\u2014\u201cDurability Testing of a Drop-In Heat Pump Water Heater","author":"Baxter","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0140","series-title":"American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Asilomar Conference Center","article-title":"Electrical use, efficiency, and peak demand of electric resistance, heat pump, desuperheater, and solar hot water systems","author":"Merrigan","year":"1990"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(94)90631-9","article-title":"Simulation of packaged solar heat-pump water heaters","volume":"53","author":"Morrison","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0150","series-title":"An Air Source Heat Pump Model for Operation in Cold Humid Environments","author":"Steijger","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2006.06.020","article-title":"Influence of ambient temperatures on performance of a CO2 heat pump water heating system","volume":"32","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2009.08.024","article-title":"Experimental study on the performance of CO2 residential air-conditioning system with an internal heat exchanger","volume":"51","author":"Tao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2009.12.008","article-title":"Comparison of CO2 heat pump water heater performance with baseline cycle and two high COP cycles","volume":"33","author":"Fernandez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Refriger."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0170","series-title":"Performance and Oil Retention Characteristics of a CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater","author":"Fernandez","year":"2008"},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2008.01.007","article-title":"Experimental study on frost growth and dynamic performance of air source heat pump system","volume":"28","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2013.05.016","article-title":"A novel defrosting control method based on the degree of refrigerant superheat for air source heat pumps","volume":"36","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Refriger."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2012.04.004","article-title":"A new method for preventing air-source heat pump water heaters from frosting","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Refriger."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.08.021","article-title":"Comparison of heat pump performance using fin-and-tube and microchannel heat exchangers under frost conditions","volume":"87","author":"Shao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2013.06.007","article-title":"Study on the operating performance of cross hot-gas bypass defrosting system for air-to-water screw heat pumps","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0200","series-title":"ASHRAE Winter Conference","first-page":"36","article-title":"Heat pump water heater technology assessment based on laboratory research and energy simulation models","author":"Hudon","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0205","unstructured":"U.S. EPA, What You Should Know about Refrigerants When Purchasing or Repairing a Residential A\/C System or Heat Pump, in, 2015."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2012.11.006","article-title":"Dynamic model and experimental study of an air water heat pump for residential use","volume":"36","author":"Koury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Refriger."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(03)00144-4","article-title":"R134a and various mixtures of R22\/R134a as an alternative to R22 in vapour compression heat pumps","volume":"45","author":"Karagoz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-5442(03)00065-3","article-title":"Experimental results of transcritical CO2 heat pump for residential application","volume":"28","author":"Richter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.10.019","article-title":"Performance investigation of a cascade heat pump water heating system with a quasi-steady state analysis","volume":"63","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0230","series-title":"SAREK 2012 Summer Annual Conference","article-title":"Seasonal performance of thermal storage integrated air source heat pump water heater based on field measurement at reference sites in Korea","author":"Park","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0235","unstructured":"G. Lorentzen, 1990. Trans-Critical Vapour Compression Cycle Device International Patent Publication, in: I.P. Publication, (ed) WO 90\/07683."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.07.078","article-title":"Effect of heat transfer area and refrigerant mass flux in a gas cooler on heating performance of air-source transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater system","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-7007(98)00017-6","article-title":"CO2-heat pump water heater: characteristics, system design and experimental results","volume":"21","author":"Neks\u00e5","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Refriger."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.03.030","article-title":"A review of transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump and refrigeration cycles","volume":"55","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2006.03.010","article-title":"New printed circuit heat exchanger with S-shaped fins for hot water supplier","volume":"30","author":"Ngo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"issue":"Part C","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2013.10.001","article-title":"Performance optimization and analysis of solar combi-system with carbon dioxide heat pump","volume":"98","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0265","article-title":"Development of high efficiency carbon dioxide commercial heat pump water heater","author":"Michael","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2005.05.019","article-title":"Carbon dioxide as refrigerant for tap water heat pumps: a comparison with the traditional solution","volume":"28","author":"Cecchinato v","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Refriger."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0275","first-page":"93","article-title":"Two-Phase flow patterns during microchannel vaporization of CO2 at near-critical pressures","volume":"36673","author":"Pettersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. ASME"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0280","unstructured":"U.S. DOE, Residential CO2 heat pump water heater, 2009; Washington, DC."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2007.10.005","article-title":"Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.09.020","article-title":"Transient behavior and dynamic performance of cascade heat pump water heater with thermal storage system","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0295","unstructured":"G. Suppes, Heat pump using phase change materials, in: U. Patent (Ed.) US20030131623 A1, 2003."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2013.04.042","article-title":"Performance and thermal charging\/discharging features of a phase change material assisted heat pump system in heating mode","volume":"58","author":"Niu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2007.05.001","article-title":"Numerical and experimental study on heat pump water heater with PCM for thermal storage","volume":"40","author":"Long","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(98)00195-1","article-title":"Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop of refrigerant R-134a in a small pipe","volume":"42","author":"Yan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.11.017","article-title":"Air source heat pump water heater: dynamic modeling, optimal energy management and mini-tubes condensers","volume":"64","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2007.05.005","article-title":"Experimental study on R-134a refrigeration system using a two-phase ejector as an expansion device","volume":"28","author":"Chaiwongsa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2011.08.037","article-title":"A theoretical study of an innovative ejector enhanced vapor compression heat pump cycle for water heating application","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-012-4905-7","article-title":"Performance analysis of air-water dual source heat pump water heater with heat recovery","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.04.012","article-title":"Experimental research and operation optimization of an air-source heat pump water heater","volume":"88","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0340","series-title":"In: Third Annual ASME Solar Engineering Conference","first-page":"175","article-title":"Analysis of the Performance and Space-Conditioning Impacts of Dedicated Heat-Pump Water Heaters","author":"Morrison","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0345","series-title":"Computer Modeling of Heat Pump Water Heaters in Restaurant Applications","author":"Pritchard","year":"1987"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-4311(02)00228-4","article-title":"Domestic air-conditioner and integrated water heater for subtropical climate","volume":"23","author":"Ji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.06.014","article-title":"An experimental exergetic comparison of four different heat pump systems working at same conditions: as air to air, air to water, water to water and water to air","volume":"58","author":"\u00c7akir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2013.04.009","article-title":"Exergy analysis and comparison of multi-functional heat pump and conventional heat pump systems","volume":"73","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0365","series-title":"Energy Performance Analysis for Heat Pump Water Heaters\u2014ETCC # 0916","author":"Group","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0370","series-title":"In: Third Waste Heat Management and Utilization Conference","article-title":"Performance Analysis of Dedicated Heat-Pump Water Heaters in an Office Building","author":"Morrison","year":"1981"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.03.027","article-title":"The development of a finned phase change material (PCM) storage system to take advantage of off-peak electricity tariff for improvement in cost of heat pump operation","volume":"42","author":"Agyenim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0380","series-title":"Side-by-Side Testing of Water Heating Systems: Results from the 2010\u20132011 Evaluation","author":"Colon","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/er.4440090108","article-title":"Assessment of a heat pump water heater","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2011.01.001","article-title":"A new approach to energy consumption prediction of domestic heat pump water heater based on grey system theory","volume":"43","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0395","series-title":"Measure Guideline: Heat Pump Water Heaters in New and Existing Homes","author":"Shapiro","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0400","series-title":"Nyle Heat-Pump Water Heater Evaluation Final Report","author":"Ail Research, Inc","year":"2002"},{"issue":"November-December","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0405","first-page":"30","article-title":"All Pumped Up-New heat pump water heaters consume half the energy of conventional electric-resistance ones","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Home Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0410","series-title":"Eleventh International IBPSA Conference","first-page":"308","article-title":"The effectiveness of introducing effective energy saving's measures for households in Japan's residential sector","author":"Okamura","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.09.052","article-title":"A simple peak shifting DSM (demand-side management) strategy for residential water heaters","volume":"62","author":"Ugur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0420","series-title":"The Development, Implementation and Performance Evaluation of an Innovative Residential Load Management System","author":"Dalgleish","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.12.045","article-title":"State of the art of thermal storage for demand-side management","volume":"93","author":"Arteconi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2012.09.023","article-title":"Domestic demand-side management (DSM): role of heat pumps and thermal energy storage (TES) systems","volume":"51","author":"Arteconi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2003.08.020","article-title":"Demand side management for commercial buildings using an inline heat pump water heating methodology","volume":"45","author":"Rankin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.03.063","article-title":"Direct load control of residential water heaters","volume":"37","author":"Ericson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0445","series-title":"The Eighth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates","article-title":"Applications of commercial heat pump water heaters in hot, humid climates","author":"Johnson","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0450","series-title":"Energy Utilization Systems, Incorporated","article-title":"Examination and life assessment of field-tested heat pump water heaters","author":"Bernardi","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0455","series-title":"Design Refinement and Demonstration of a Market-Optimized Residential Heat-Pump Water Heater","author":"Tiax LLC","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2013.09.020","article-title":"Effect of vapor-injection technique on the performance of a cascade heat pump water heater","volume":"38","author":"Roh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Refriger."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.04.003","article-title":"Research on the control laws of the electronic expansion valve for an air source heat pump water heater","volume":"46","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2003.11.009","article-title":"Transient thermal behavior of a water heater system driven by a heat pump","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Refriger."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2006.07.031","article-title":"System optimization and experimental research on air source heat pump water heater","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2013.03.003","article-title":"Performance comparison between a single-stage and a cascade multi-functional heat pump for both air heating and hot water supply","volume":"36","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Refriger."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2010.09.015","article-title":"Refrigerant injection for heat pumping\/air conditioning systems: literature review and challenges discussions","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Refriger."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0490","series-title":"Combination Ductless Heat Pump & Heat Pump Water Heater Lab and Field Tests","first-page":"E15","author":"Energy 350","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.008","article-title":"Present and future caloric refrigeration and heat pump technologies","volume":"57","author":"Kitanovski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Refriger."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2009.04.029","article-title":"Experimental study of revolving vane (RV) compressor","volume":"29","author":"The","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2015.08.018","article-title":"Electrochemical compressor driven metal hydride heat pump","volume":"60","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Refriger."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.01.041","article-title":"Air source heat pump water heaters in residential buildings in Australia: identification of key performance parameters","volume":"91","author":"Vieira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."}],"container-title":["Energy and Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378778817304760?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378778817304760?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T13:38:42Z","timestamp":1759930722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378778817304760"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["S0378778817304760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-7788"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-7788","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Review of energy efficiency and system performance of residential heat pump water heaters","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Energy and Buildings","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}