{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T17:19:43Z","timestamp":1781889583077,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000900","name":"Joint Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000900","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Energy and Buildings"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T12:39:00Z","timestamp":1595594340000},"page":"110322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":570,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Review of 50\u202fyears of EU energy efficiency policies for buildings"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Economidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Todeschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Bertoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"D'Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Zangheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Castellazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2016.1191009","article-title":"Climate change after Paris: from turning point to transformation","volume":"17","author":"Kinley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Climate Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.002","article-title":"Mapping states\u2019 Paris climate pledges: analysing targets and groups at COP 21","volume":"48","author":"Tobin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Environ. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0015","unstructured":"UNFCCC. (2015). Adoption of the Paris Agreement. Proposal by the President. Paris Climate Change Conference - November 2015, COP 21, 21932(December), 32. DOI:FCCC\/CP\/2015\/L.9\/Rev.1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0020","unstructured":"P. Bertoldi. The Paris Agreement 1.5\u00b0C goal: what it does mean for energy efficiency? 2018 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. (2018)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0025","unstructured":"S. Tsemekidi-Tzeiranaki, N. Labanca, B. Cuniberti, A. Toleikyte, P. Zangheri, P. Bertoldi. Analysis of the Annual Reports 2018 under the Energy Efficiency Directive \u2013 Summary report 2019 Luxembourg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.060","article-title":"A comparative review of heating systems in EU countries, based on efficiency and fuel cost","volume":"90","author":"Martinopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2018.09.014","article-title":"Energy-efficiency technologies in the building envelope: life cycle and adaptation assessment","volume":"21","author":"Aslani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.03.018","article-title":"Energy efficiency and thermal comfort in historic buildings: a review","volume":"61","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Molina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.05.160","article-title":"Adaptive approach-based assessment of a heritage residential complex in southern Spain for improving comfort and energy efficiency through passive strategies: a study based on a monitored flat","volume":"181","author":"Bl\u00e1zquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/en12193788","article-title":"Energy savings from feedback systems: a meta-studies\u2019 review","volume":"12","author":"Zangheri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.11.026","article-title":"Re-thinking energy efficiency in European policy: practitioners\u2019 use of \u2018multiple benefits\u2019 arguments","volume":"210","author":"Fawcett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2016.12.004","article-title":"Non-energy benefits: workhorse or unicorn of energy efficiency programs?","volume":"30","author":"Freed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electricity J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.13044\/j.sdewes.d6.0203","article-title":"Energy resilience, vulnerability and risk in urban spaces","volume":"6","author":"Mutani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Dev. Energy, Water Environ. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-3449(90)90023-W","article-title":"Closing the efficiency gap: barriers to the efficient use of energy","volume":"3","author":"Hirst","year":"1990","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-4215(94)90138-4","article-title":"The energy-efficiency gap what does it mean?","volume":"22","author":"Jaffe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.333","article-title":"Energy management: a key driver of energy-efficiency investment?","volume":"230","author":"Cooremans","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.09.058","article-title":"Closing the Energy Efficiency Gap: a study linking demographics with barriers to adopting energy efficiency measures in the home","volume":"47","author":"Pelenur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2019.06.005","article-title":"Prospect theory and energy efficiency","volume":"96","author":"Heutel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Econ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2015.03.002","article-title":"Why do homeowners renovate energy efficiently? Contrasting perspectives and implications for policy","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.07.568","article-title":"Categorizing barriers to energy efficiency in buildings","volume":"75","author":"Vogel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(01)00067-2","article-title":"Market failures and barriers as a basis for clean energy policies","volume":"29","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2016.11.002","article-title":"Policy packaging or policy patching? The development of complex energy efficiency policy mixes","volume":"23","author":"Kern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2016.1138803","article-title":"Energy efficiency and the policy mix","volume":"44","author":"Rosenow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818567-4.00018-1","article-title":"Overview of the European Union policies to promote more sustainable behaviours in energy end-users","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.003","article-title":"Energy efficiency of residential buildings in the European Union \u2013 an exploratory analysis of cross-country consumption patterns","volume":"129","author":"Thonipara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.05.046","article-title":"How do policies help to increase the uptake of carbon reduction measures in the EU residential sector? Evidence from recent studies","volume":"94","author":"Laes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109339","article-title":"Diffusion of energy efficiency technologies in European residential buildings: a bibliometric analysis","volume":"202","author":"Camarasa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-9883(00)00078-5","article-title":"Demand for space heating in apartment blocks: measuring effects of policy measures aiming at reducing energy consumption","volume":"23","author":"Leth-Petersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.08.008","article-title":"European energy policy\u2014a review","volume":"62","author":"Kanellakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0150","series-title":"Eceee Industrial Summer Study Proceedings, 2018-June (September 2018)","first-page":"117","article-title":"EU member states energy efficiency policies for the industrial sector based on the NEEAPs analysis","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109341","article-title":"Energy security in decision making and governance - methodological analysis of energy trilemma index","volume":"114","author":"\u0160prajc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.red.2010.04.003","article-title":"Oil crisis, energy-saving technological change and the stock market crash of 1973\u201374","volume":"13","author":"Alpanda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Dyn."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-016-0350-1","article-title":"European economies in terms of energy dependence","volume":"51","author":"Bluszcz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.06.007","article-title":"Diversification of oil import sources and energy security: a key strategy or an elusive objective?","volume":"37","author":"Vivoda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-5442(80)90036-5","article-title":"Overcoming social and institutional barriers to energy conservation","volume":"5","author":"Blumstein","year":"1980","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.06.034","article-title":"OPEC and world oil security","volume":"108","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.06.051","article-title":"Forty years of regulations on the thermal performance of the building envelope in Europe: achievements, perspectives and challenges","volume":"127","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.06.073","article-title":"Assessing energy security: an overview of commonly used methodologies","volume":"73","author":"M\u00e5nsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.01.039","article-title":"Competing policy packages and the complexity of energy security","volume":"67","author":"Sovacool","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S1462-9011(98)00004-5","article-title":"The role of building energy efficiency in managing atmospheric carbon dioxide","volume":"1","author":"Wiel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2005.11.010","article-title":"Polices for increasing energy efficiency: thirty years of experience in OECD countries","volume":"34","author":"Geller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1481(94)90071-X","article-title":"Legal and administrative measures for energy savings in non-industrial buildings in the member states of the EC","volume":"4","author":"Elag\u00f6z","year":"1994","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MITI.0000027538.90774.a8","article-title":"Regulatory and mixed policy options for reducing energy use and carbon emissions","volume":"1","author":"Swisher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Glob. Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0220","first-page":"185","article-title":"Reconciling energy use with environmental protection in the European Community","volume":"4","author":"Axelrod","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. Environ. Affairs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0225","series-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conf. on Durability of Building and Construction Components and Materials, 19\u201323 May 1996, Stockholm, Sweden","first-page":"1353","article-title":"Service life standards: background and relation to the European construction products directive","author":"Caluwaerts","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0230","first-page":"52","article-title":"Construction products directive. Its influence on design and construction","volume":"69","author":"Ryan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. London"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0235","first-page":"25","article-title":"Concrete surface systems: European standards update","volume":"29","author":"Bassi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Concrete (London)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0240","series-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementation of the European Construction Products Directive via the ISO 15686 Standards","author":"Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0245","first-page":"29","article-title":"Quality and the construction products directive","volume":"19","author":"Loveday","year":"1992","journal-title":"Quarry Manage."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/09613219508727440","article-title":"The effective implementation of the Construction Products Directive (CPD): an update","volume":"23","author":"Lay-cock","year":"1995","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0255","first-page":"82","article-title":"European standardisation of concrete products","volume":"63","author":"Pesch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Betonwerk Und Fertigteil-Technik\/Concrete Precasting Plant and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.A. Fee. Energy Efficiency Legislation in the European Community. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 1(2), 126-130(1992b). HeinOnline. DOI:10.1111\/j.1467-9388.1992.tb0002.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9388.1992.tb00027.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0265","first-page":"19","article-title":"A new proposal in the framework of the SAVE programme to limit carbon dioxide emissions by improving energy efficiency","volume":"20","author":"Fee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Energy Europe"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2012.06.027","article-title":"Comparison of different testing methods for gas fired domestic boiler efficiency determination","volume":"50","author":"De Paepe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0275","series-title":"Proceeding of the ACEEE 1996 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings","first-page":"3","article-title":"Analysis of Efficiency of European Domestic Refrigeration","author":"Waide","year":"1996"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1080\/15435075.2010.515449","article-title":"Latest assessment of residential electricity consumption and efficiency trends in the European Union","volume":"7","author":"Atanasiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Green Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0285","unstructured":"P. Bertoldi, L. Werring, R. Bowie, J. Lorentzen, P. Hodson. (2006). EU Environmental Law: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources. Retrieved from https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=v8ZWvQEACAAJ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2008.08.020","article-title":"The European Commission\u2019s sustainable consumption and production and sustainable industrial policy action plan","volume":"17","author":"Nash","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0295","series-title":"Proceedings 2nd WREC, 4, 2140-2145, Reading, U.K","article-title":"Energy savings training in the member states of the EC","author":"Elag\u00f6z","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0300","first-page":"25","article-title":"First energy efficiency directives under SAVE programme","volume":"17","author":"Kestner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Energy Europe"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-5442(02)00068-3","article-title":"Energy efficiency and renewable energy policy in the Czech Republic within the framework of accession to the European Union","volume":"27","author":"van Wees","year":"2002","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2007.07.003","article-title":"European Union\u2019s renewable energy sources and energy efficiency policy review: the Spanish perspective","volume":"13","author":"de Alegr\u00eda Mancisidor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2004.08.003","article-title":"Review of the energy rating of dwellings in the European Union as a mechanism for sustainable energy","volume":"10","author":"M\u00edguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0320","article-title":"Policies, Recommendations and Standards (International Technical Standards, Main Laws and Regulations; EU Directives; Energy Labeling)","volume":"5\u201373","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handbook Energy Effic. Build."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(00)00086-4","article-title":"HELP (house energy labeling procedure): methodology and present results","volume":"33","author":"Richalet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0330","unstructured":"T. Zgajewsk. Energy Efficiency: The Ever Neglected Priority Of The European Energy STRATEGY Retrieved from http:\/\/www.egmontinstitute.be\/content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/ep66.pdf?type=pdf 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0335","unstructured":"B. Laponche, K. Tillerson. The green paper: \u00abTowards a European strategy for the security of energy supply\u00bb. Revue de l'Energie. (2001), 529, 425-432. ISSN 0303-240X."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-018-9657-1","article-title":"Energy efficiency obligation schemes: their future in the EU","volume":"12","author":"Fawcett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Effi."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.042","article-title":"Extending the energy efficiency gap","volume":"51","author":"Backlund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0350","series-title":"Egmont Institute Egmont Paper","first-page":"38","article-title":"The EU Climate Policy after the Climate Package and Copenhagen - Promises and Limits","author":"Dehousse","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.01.012","article-title":"EU energy and climate change strategy","volume":"40","author":"da Gra\u00e7a Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.12.013","article-title":"How to reach the EU renewables target by 2030? An analysis of the governance framework","volume":"127","author":"Veum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.09.047","article-title":"The governance of the European Energy Union: efficiency, effectiveness and acceptance of the Winter Package 2016","volume":"112","author":"Ringel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0370","first-page":"8","article-title":"Read the label - large public buildings will soon need to display an energy certificate","volume":"307","author":"Cohen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy World"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.09.009","article-title":"The impact of the implementation of the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive on the European building stock: the case of the Cyprus land development corporation","volume":"111","author":"Fokaides","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0380","unstructured":"M. Santamouris. Energy Performance of Residential Buildings. London: Routledge. (2005). DOI:10.4324\/9781849776059."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.02.058","article-title":"Energy performance of buildings\u2014EPBD in Greece","volume":"45","author":"Dascalaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2018.07.090","article-title":"Analysis of regulatory instruments promoting building energy efficiency","volume":"147","author":"Blumberga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.03.002","article-title":"Reducing energy demand: a review of issues, challenges and approaches","volume":"47","author":"Sorrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0400","unstructured":"IEA. (2017). Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2017. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/tracking-clean-energy-progress-2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.12.080","article-title":"Heating and cooling energy trends and drivers in Europe","volume":"119","author":"Serrano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0410","unstructured":"Bio Intelligence Service, Ronan, L., & IEEP. (2013). Energy performance certificates in buildings and their impact on transaction prices and rents in selected EU countries. Final Report Prepared for European Commission (DG Energy), (April), 151 (11). Retrieved from http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/ET\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32010L0031&from=EN."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.03.032","article-title":"The price of energy efficiency in the Spanish housing market","volume":"94","author":"de Ayala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0420","unstructured":"A. Arcipowska, F. Anagnostopoulos, F. Mariottini, S. Kunkel. Energy Performance Certificates Across the EU. A mapping of National Approaches (Building Performance Institute Europe, Ed.) (2014). Retrieved from http:\/\/bpie.eu\/publication\/energy-performance-certificates-across-the-eu\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1068\/b3118","article-title":"The contribution of the EC energy certificate in improving sustainability of the housing stock","volume":"32","author":"Beerepoot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Plann. B: Plann. Des."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1108\/IJHMA-09-2014-0035","article-title":"Modelling the effect of energy performance certificate rating on property value in the Belfast housing market","volume":"8","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Housing Markets Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.10.033","article-title":"On the quality and impact of residential energy performance certificates","volume":"133","author":"H\u00e5rsman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.11.127","article-title":"Impact and reliability of EPCs in the real estate market","volume":"140","author":"Pascuas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.01.064","article-title":"The impact of energy performance certificates: a survey of German home owners","volume":"46","author":"Amecke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.03.032","article-title":"The use of building energy certificates to reduce energy consumption in European public buildings","volume":"50","author":"Bull","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109244","article-title":"Review of building energy performance certification schemes towards future improvement","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.111127","article-title":"Variation of energy performance certificate assessments in the European Union","volume":"137","author":"Semple","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2013.07.020","article-title":"The value of domestic building energy efficiency \u2014 evidence from Ireland","volume":"40","author":"Hyland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1108\/JERER-09-2012-0024","article-title":"The impact of energy performance on single-family home selling prices in Sweden","volume":"6","author":"H\u00f6gberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Real Estate Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.1566","article-title":"Energy performance and housing prices","volume":"22","author":"Cerin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2014.12.012","article-title":"Does energy efficiency matter to home-buyers? An investigation of EPC ratings and transaction prices in England","volume":"48","author":"Fuerst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.06.043","article-title":"Energy efficiency and economic value in affordable housing","volume":"97","author":"Chegut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1108\/JERER-05-2016-0022","article-title":"Energy performance certificates in the Turin real estate market","volume":"10","author":"Fregonara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Real Estate Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.04.015","article-title":"The impact of energy labels and accessibility on office rents","volume":"46","author":"Kok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.08.005","article-title":"The impact of Energy Performance Certificates on the rental and capital values of commercial property assets","volume":"39","author":"Fuerst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.11.054","article-title":"The influence of the energy performance certificate: the Dutch case","volume":"67","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2016.09.025","article-title":"Doing good but not that well? A dilemma for energy conserving homeowners","volume":"60","author":"Wahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.09.029","article-title":"Energy performance certificates \u2013 informing the informed or the indifferent?","volume":"111","author":"Olaussen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0520","unstructured":"T. Fleiter, R. Elsland, M. Rehfeldt, J. Steibach, U. Reiter, G. Catenazzi, P. Stabat. Heat Roadmap Europe - Profile of Heating and Cooling Demand in 2015. (2017). Retrieved from https:\/\/heatroadmap.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Brochure_Heating-and-Cooling_web.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.187","article-title":"A review on boilers energy use, energy savings, and emissions reductions","volume":"79","author":"Barma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.111386","article-title":"Impact of climate change on the cost-optimal mix of decentralised heat pump and gas boiler technologies in Europe","volume":"140","author":"Kozarcanin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. \u00d3. Broin, J. N\u00e4ss\u00e9n, F. Johnsson. Energy efficiency policies for space heating in EU countries: A panel data analysis for the period 1990\u20132010. Applied Energy 2015, 150, 211\u2013223. DOI:10.1016\/J.APENERGY.2015.03.063.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.03.063"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2011.08.033","article-title":"Cost optimal and nearly zero (nZEB) energy performance calculations for residential buildings with REHVA definition for nZEB national implementation","volume":"43","author":"Kurnitski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.08.023","article-title":"A multi-stage optimization method for cost-optimal and nearly-zero-energy building solutions in line with the EPBD-recast 2010","volume":"56","author":"Hamdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.06.001","article-title":"Reference buildings for cost optimal analysis: method of definition and application","volume":"102","author":"Corgnati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.01.048","article-title":"Assessment of cost-optimal energy performance requirements for the Italian Residential Building Stock","volume":"45","author":"Corrado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.08.078","article-title":"Cost-optimal design for nearly zero energy office buildings located in warm climates","volume":"91","author":"Congedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.11.036","article-title":"Progress towards EPBD Recast Targets in Turkey: application of cost optimality calculations to a residential building","volume":"78","author":"Sa\u011flam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.11.057","article-title":"The cost optimal methodology for evaluating the energy retrofit of an ex-industrial building in Turin","volume":"78","author":"Becchio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.03.074","article-title":"Methodology to define cost-optimal level of architectural measures for energy efficient retrofits of existing detached residential buildings in Turkey","volume":"120","author":"Ashrafian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.11.006","article-title":"EPBD cost-optimal methodology: application to the thermal rehabilitation of the building envelope of a Portuguese residential reference building","volume":"111","author":"Brand\u00e3o de Vasconcelos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.06.059","article-title":"Cost-effective analysis for selecting energy efficiency measures for refurbishment of residential buildings in Catalonia","volume":"128","author":"Ortiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-017-9566-8","article-title":"Identification of cost-optimal and NZEB refurbishment levels for representative climates and building typologies across Europe","volume":"11","author":"Zangheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Effi."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.08.049","article-title":"Cost optimum calculation of energy efficiency measures in the Czech Republic","volume":"123","author":"Kar\u00e1sek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0600","unstructured":"ECOFYS. (2015). Assessment of cost optimal calculations in the context of the EPBD (ENER\/C3\/2013-414) Final report. Retrieved from https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/energy\/sites\/ener\/files\/documents\/Assessment of cost optimal calculations in the context of the EPBD_Final.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.10.047","article-title":"Energy and environmental payback times for an NZEB retrofit","volume":"147","author":"Asdrubali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.11.049","article-title":"Towards nearly zero-energy buildings: the state-of-art of National Regulations in Europe","volume":"57","author":"Annunziata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0615","unstructured":"D. D\u2019Agostino, P. Zangheri, B. Cuniberti, D. Paci, P. Bertoldi. Synthesis Report on the National Plans for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs). (2016). DOI:10.2790\/659611."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0620","unstructured":"D. D\u2019Agostino, P. Zangheri. Development of the NZEBs concept in Member States: Towards nearly zero energy buildings in Europe. (2016). DOI:10.2788\/278314."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2014.12.003","article-title":"European smart cities: the role of zero energy buildings","volume":"15","author":"Kylili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.10.022","article-title":"A methodology for economic efficient design of Net Zero Energy Buildings","volume":"55","author":"Kapsalaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.02.020","article-title":"A framework for the cost-optimal design of nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs) in representative climates across Europe","volume":"149","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0640","article-title":"A review of performance of zero energy buildings and energy efficiency solutions","volume":"25","author":"Belussi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.109863","article-title":"Integrating embodied impact into the context of EPBD recast: an assessment on the cost-optimal levels of nZEBs","volume":"215","author":"Chastas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.11.057","article-title":"Analysis of life-cycle boundaries for environmental and economic assessment of building energy refurbishment projects","volume":"136","author":"Oregi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.08.009","article-title":"The potential impact of low thermal transmittance construction on the European design guidelines of residential buildings","volume":"178","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.09.043","article-title":"Overview and future challenges of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) design in Southern Europe","volume":"155","author":"Attia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2019.05.026","article-title":"Mind the gap: a social sciences review of energy efficiency","volume":"56","author":"Dunlop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.10.429","article-title":"Barriers and challenges in nZEB Projects in Sweden and Norway","volume":"58","author":"Lindkvist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0675","series-title":"Proceedings of the PLEA2006 - The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture","article-title":"CEN Standards for Implementing the European Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings","author":"Roulet","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0680","unstructured":"J. Hogeling, D. van Dijk. More information on the set of CEN standards for the EPBD, P60, The EPBD Buildings Platform. (2008). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.buildup.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/P060_EN_EPBD_CEN_March2008_p3031.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0685","series-title":"Proceedings 8th International Conference Improving Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings, Frankfurt","article-title":"European Energy Codes for Buildings based on EU-mandate480 to CEN, a historic step forward in harmonising EPB procedures,","author":"Hogeling","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0690","series-title":"E3S Web of Conferences Les Ulis: EDP Sciences","article-title":"The new EN ISO 52000 family of standards to assess the energy performance of buildings put in practice","author":"van Dijk","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2017.01.022","article-title":"Assessing the European Union\u2019s energy efficiency policy: will the winter package deliver on \u2018Efficiency First\u2019?","volume":"26","author":"Rosenow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.04.023","article-title":"Analysis of barriers and drivers for the development of the ESCO markets in Europe","volume":"107","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.12.016","article-title":"Transposing the requirements of the energy efficiency directive on mandatory energy audits for large companies: a policy-cycle-based review of the national implementation in the EU-28 member states","volume":"125","author":"Nabitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.01.130","article-title":"Energy efficiency in industry: EU and national policies in Italy and the UK","volume":"172","author":"Malinauskaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0715","unstructured":"L. Castellazzi, P. Zangheri, D. Paci. Synthesis Report on the assessment of Member States\u2019 building renovation strategies. (2016). DOI:10.2790\/557013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0720","unstructured":"L. Castellazzi, P. Zangheri, D. Paci, M. Economiduo, N. Labanca, T., Ribeiro Serrenho, S. Panev, P. Zancanella, J.-S. Broc. Assessment of second long-term renovation strategies under the Energy Efficiency Directive. (2019). DOI:10.2760\/973672."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-018-9661-5","article-title":"Policy strategies for achieving large long-term savings from retrofitting existing buildings","volume":"12","author":"Sebi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Effi."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.05.027","article-title":"A review on Building Renovation Passport: potentialities and barriers on current initiatives","volume":"173","author":"Sesana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/en12061107","article-title":"Progress in the implementation of the EU Energy Efficiency Directive through the lens of the national annual reports","volume":"12","author":"Zangheri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0740","first-page":"375","article-title":"The leading role of the public sector in energy end-use efficiency in the EU: where do we stand?","author":"Czak\u00f3","year":"2013","journal-title":"ECEEE Summer Study Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0745","unstructured":"M. Economidou, N. Labanca, L. Castellazzi, T. Serrenho, S. Panev, P. Zancanella, J.-S. Broc, P. Bertoldi. Assessment of the Second National Energy Efficiency Action Plans under the Energy Efficiency Directive (2019). DOI:10.2760\/780472."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0750","unstructured":"L. Castellazzi, P. Bertoldi, M. Economidou. Overcoming the split incentive barrier in the building sector - Unlocking the energy efficiency potential in the rental & multifamily sectors. (2017). DOI:10.2790\/912494."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0755","series-title":"ECEEE Summer Study Proceedings","article-title":"Practices to overcome split incentives in the EU building stock","author":"Economidou","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0760","unstructured":"M. Economidou, T. Serrenho. Assessment of progress made by Member States in relation to Article 19(1) of the Directive 2012\/27\/EU. (2019). DOI:10.2760\/070440."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.05.053","article-title":"Policy options for the split incentive: increasing energy efficiency for low-income renters","volume":"48","author":"Bird","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0770","unstructured":"L. Castellazzi. Analysis of Member States \u2019 rules for allocating heating , cooling and hot water costs in multi- apartment \/ purpose buildings supplied from collective systems Implementation of. In Implementation of EED (Vol. 9). (2017). DOI:10.2760\/40665."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-008-9009-7","article-title":"Feedback on household electricity consumption: a tool for saving energy?","volume":"1","author":"Fischer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Effi."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0780","series-title":"Impact of Feedback about energy consumption","author":"Zvingilaite","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039650","article-title":"The effects of feedback on energy conservation: a meta-analysis","volume":"141","author":"Karlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109398","article-title":"A comprehensive review on heat accounting and cost allocation in residential buildings in EU","volume":"202","author":"Canale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0795","unstructured":"P. Torcellini, S. Pless, M. Deru, D. Crawley. Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition; Preprint. (2006). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/servlets\/purl\/883663."},{"issue":"C","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.06.099","article-title":"Progress in ZEBs\u2014a review of definitions, policies and construction activity","volume":"62","author":"Panagiotidou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.11.137","article-title":"NZEB, cost- and comfort-optimal retrofit solutions for an Italian Reference Hotel","volume":"140","author":"Buso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.08.037","article-title":"Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of buildings and the building sector: a review","volume":"29","author":"Cabeza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.03.003","article-title":"Embodied energy of buildings: a review of data, methods, challenges, and research trends","volume":"168","author":"Azari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.11.030","article-title":"An exploration of the relationship between improvements in energy efficiency and life-cycle energy and carbon emissions using the BIRDS low-energy residential database","volume":"160","author":"Kneifel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0825","article-title":"Environmental and economic implications of energy efficiency in new residential buildings: a multi-criteria selection approach","volume":"26","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2007.07.007","article-title":"A multi-criteria evaluation method for climate change mitigation policy instruments","volume":"35","author":"Konidari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0835","unstructured":"N. Kohler. PhD thesis number 623, Analyse \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de la construction, de l\u2019utilisation et de la d\u00e9molition des b\u00e2timents. (1986). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.epfl.ch\/labs\/leso\/research\/pdh-theses\/."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.05.007","article-title":"Life cycle energy analysis of buildings: an overview","volume":"42","author":"Ramesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.03.021","article-title":"Need for an embodied energy measurement protocol for buildings: a review paper","volume":"16","author":"Dixit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0850","article-title":"Visualizing the research of embodied energy and environmental impact research in the building and construction field: a bibliometric analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Built Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.08.036","article-title":"Embodied carbon mitigation and reduction in the built environment - what does the evidence say?","volume":"181","author":"Pomponi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0860","unstructured":"M. Economidou, N. Labanca, L. Castellazzi, T. Serrenho, P. Bertoldi, P. Zancanella, P. Daniele, P. Strahil, I. Gabrielaitiene. Assessment of the first National Energy Efficiency Action Plans under the Energy Efficiency Directive: Synthesis report. (2016) (2016th ed.; E. 28055 EN, Ed.). DOI:10.2790\/98108."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.111320","article-title":"Do energy efficiency policies save energy? A new approach based on energy policy indicators (in the EU Member States)","volume":"139","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322_b0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2018.10.019","article-title":"What is a Nearly zero energy building? Overview, implementation and comparison of definitions","volume":"21","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."}],"container-title":["Energy and Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378778820317229?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378778820317229?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T14:04:04Z","timestamp":1759932244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378778820317229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":174,"alternative-id":["S0378778820317229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-7788"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-7788","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Review of 50\u202fyears of EU energy efficiency policies for buildings","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Energy and Buildings","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110322"}}