{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:28:16Z","timestamp":1788409696961,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Energy and Buildings"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T21:56:11Z","timestamp":1632347771000},"page":"111497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Modeling and multiobjective optimization of indoor airborne disease transmission risk and associated energy consumption for building HVAC systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"253","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Risbeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin Z.","family":"Bazant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanhong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk H.","family":"Drees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa939","article-title":"It is time to address airborne transmission of COVID-19","volume":"71","author":"Morawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38808-z","article-title":"Aerosol emission and superemission during human speech increase with voice loudness","volume":"9","author":"Asadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106112","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the risk of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Prospective and retrospective applications","volume":"145","author":"Buonanno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Z. Bazant, J.W. Bush, A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (17) (2021).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2018995118"},{"issue":"6543","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg2025","article-title":"A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection","volume":"372","author":"Morawska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25237","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012156117","article-title":"Speech can produce jet-like transport relevant to asymptomatic spreading of virus","volume":"117","author":"Abkarian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2008.0720","article-title":"The mechanism of breath aerosol formation","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1936.02770470016004","article-title":"Air-borne infection","volume":"107","author":"Wells","year":"1936","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400019288","article-title":"The size and the duration of air-carriage of respiratory droplets and droplet-nuclei","volume":"44","author":"Duguid","year":"1946","journal-title":"Epidemiology & Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227699","article-title":"Effect of voicing and articulation manner on aerosol particle emission during human speech","volume":"15","author":"Asadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Morawska, G. Johnson, Z. Ristovski, M. Hargreaves, K. Mengersen, S. Corbett, C. Chao, Y. Li, D. Katoshevski, Size distribution and sites of origin of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities, Journal of Aerosol Science 40 (2009) 256\u2013269.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2011.07.009","article-title":"Modality of human expired aerosol size distributions","volume":"42","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Aerosol Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.29.8.863","article-title":"Infection of air: Bacteriologic and epidemiologic factors","volume":"29","author":"Wells","year":"1939","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2014.88","article-title":"Violent expiratory events: on coughing and sneezing","volume":"745","author":"Bourouiba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80078-7","article-title":"Fluid dynamics of COVID-19 airborne infection suggests urgent data for a scientific design of social distancing","volume":"10","author":"Rosti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2020.720","article-title":"Effects of ventilation on the indoor spread of COVID-19","volume":"903","author":"Bhagat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.F. Linden, The fluid mechanics of natural ventilation, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 31 (1) (1999) 201\u2013238. [Online]. Available: doi: 10.1146\/annurev.fluid.31.1.201.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.31.1.201"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0040755","article-title":"Estimating COVID-19 exposure in a classroom setting: A comparison between mathematical and numerical models","volume":"33","author":"Foster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physics of Fluids"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620590918466","article-title":"Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens","volume":"2","author":"Nicas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Occ. Env. Hygiene"},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0026","article-title":"Dynamics of infectious disease transmission by inhalable respiratory droplets","volume":"7","author":"Stilianakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface"},{"issue":"7844","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-00251-4","article-title":"COVID-19 rarely spreads through surfaces. So why are we still deep cleaning?","volume":"590","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0110","series-title":"Airborne Contagion and Air Hygiene. An Ecological Study of Droplet Infections","author":"Wells","year":"1955"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0303.970310","article-title":"Using a mathematical model to evaluate the efficacy of TB control measures","volume":"3","author":"Gammaitoni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"suppl_6","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S791","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0305.focus","article-title":"Mathematical models for assessing the role of airflow on the risk of airborne infection in hospital wards","volume":"6","author":"Noakes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b04959","article-title":"Humidity-dependent decay of viruses, but not bacteria, in aerosols and droplets follows disinfection kinetics","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7704","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c04596","article-title":"Back to normal: An old physics route to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission in indoor spaces","volume":"14","author":"Garc\u00eda de Abajo","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0135","unstructured":"M. He\u00dfling, K. H\u00f6nes, P. Vatter, C. Lingenfelder, Ultraviolet irradiation doses for coronavirus inactivation\u2013review and analysis of coronavirus photoinactivation studies, GMS Hygiene and Infection Control 15 (2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0140","series-title":"Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook: UVGI for Air and Surface Disinfection","author":"Kowalski","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Konda, A. Prakash, G.A. Moss, M. Schmoldt, G.D. Grant, S. Guha, Response to letters to the editor on aerosol filtration efficiency of common fabrics used in respiratory cloth masks: Revised and expanded results, ACS Nano 14 (9) (2020) 10764\u201310770.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c04897"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Abkarian, S. Mendez, N. Xue, F. Yang, H.A. Stone, Puff trains in speaking produce long-range turbulent jet-like transport potentially relevant to asymptomatic spreading of viruses, arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.10671, 2020.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012156117"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122501(R)","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.5.122501","article-title":"Towards improved social distancing guidelines: Space and time dependence of virus transmission from speech-driven aerosol transport between two individuals","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0160","first-page":"2158","volume":"2020","author":"Gandhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asymptomatic transmission, the achilles heel of current strategies to control COVID-19"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0165","article-title":"Effectiveness of three versus six feet of physical distancing for controlling spread of COVID-19 among primary and secondary students and staff: A retrospective, state-wide cohort study","volume":"03","author":"van den Berg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7021e1","article-title":"Mask use and ventilation improvements to reduce COVID-19 incidence in elementary schools\u2014Georgia, November 16\u2013December 11, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Gettings","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112560","article-title":"Airborne spread of measles in a suburban elementary school","volume":"107","author":"Riley","year":"1978","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0180","first-page":"1015","article-title":"The transmission of tuberculosis in confined spaces: an analytical review of alternative epidemiological models","volume":"7","author":"Beggs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.08.025","article-title":"HVAC filtration for controlling infectious airborne disease transmission in indoor environments: predicting risk reductions and operational costs","volume":"70","author":"Azimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0668.2003.00189.x","article-title":"Risk of indoor airborne infection transmission estimated from carbon dioxide concentration","volume":"13","author":"Rudnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s12273-020-0703-5","article-title":"Association of the infection probability of COVID-19 with ventilation rates in confined spaces","volume":"13","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Building Simulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.107926","article-title":"A systematic approach to estimating the effectiveness of multi-scale IAQ strategies for reducing the risk of airborne infection of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"200","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102390","article-title":"The efficacy of social distance and ventilation effectiveness in preventing COVID-19 transmission","volume":"62","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.1c00183","article-title":"Exhaled CO2 as COVID-19 infection risk proxy for different indoor environments and activities","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.107633","article-title":"Investigation of potential aerosol transmission and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 through central ventilation systems","author":"Pease","year":"2021","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0220","unstructured":"ASHRAE Epidemic Task Force, Building readiness, URL: https:\/\/www.ashrae.org\/technical-resources\/building-readiness, 2021, accessed: 2021-05-07."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. MacNaughton, J. Pegues, U. Satish, S. Santanam, J. Spengler, J. Allen, Economic, environmental and health implications of enhanced ventilation in office buildings, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12 (11) (2015) 14709\u201314722.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121114709"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0230","article-title":"Method for measuring performance of protable household electric room air cleaners","author":"AHAM","year":"2020","journal-title":"ANSI\/AHAM Standard AC-1-2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0235","unstructured":"ASHRAE Epidemic Task Force, Core recommendations for reducing airborne infectious aerosol exposure, 2021, accessed: 2021-05-07. URL: https:\/\/www.ashrae.org\/file%20library\/technical%20resources\/covid-19\/core-recommendations-for-reducing-airborne-infectious-aerosol-exposure.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0240","unstructured":"J. Stein, M.M. Hydeman, Development and testing of the characteristic curve fan model, ASHRAE Transactions 110 (1) (2004)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0245","unstructured":"US Department of Energy, EnergyPlus 9.4.0, 2020. URL: https:\/\/energyplus.net\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.12.010","article-title":"The relationship between filter pressure drop, indoor air quality, and energy consumption in rooftop HVAC units","volume":"73","author":"Zaatari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(00)00082-7","article-title":"Estimates of the energy impact of ventilation and associated financial expenditures","volume":"33","author":"Orme","year":"2001","journal-title":"Energy and Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.07.040","article-title":"Energy vs. ventilation rate in buildings: A comprehensive scenario-based assessment in the European context","volume":"54","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy and Buildings"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0265","first-page":"12","article-title":"Why enthalpy economizers don\u2019t work","volume":"52","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"ASHRAE Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0270","article-title":"Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality","author":"ASHRAE","year":"2019","journal-title":"ANSI\/ASHRAE\/IES Standard 62.1-2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0275","article-title":"Energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings","author":"ASHRAE","year":"2019","journal-title":"ANSI\/ASHRAE\/IES Standard 90.1-2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1080\/10789669.2007.10390986","article-title":"A simplified dynamic model for chilled-water cooling and dehumidifying coilspart 1: Development","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"HVAC&R Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1080\/10789669.2007.10390987","article-title":"A simplified dynamic model for chilled-water cooling and dehumidifying coils\u2013part 2: Experimental validation","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"HVAC&R Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.12.010","article-title":"Dynamic modeling and self-optimizing operation of chilled water systems using extremum seeking control","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy and Buildings"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.08.044","article-title":"Development and evaluation of optimization-based air economizer strategies","volume":"87","author":"Seem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290503109","article-title":"Optimizing the design of room air filters for the removal of submicrometer particles","volume":"38","author":"Rudnick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aerosol Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0305","first-page":"186","article-title":"Hourly thermal load prediction for the next 24 hours by ARIMA, EWMA, LR and an artificial neural network","volume":"101","author":"Kawashima","year":"1995","journal-title":"ASHRAE Trans. Part 1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0310","series-title":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing","first-page":"135","article-title":"Scaling and related techniques for geometry problems","author":"Gabow","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0315","series-title":"Exposure Factors Handbook","author":"U.E.P. Agency","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Z. Bazant, O. Kodio, A.E. Cohen, K. Khan, Z. Gu, J.W.M. Bush, Monitoring carbon dioxide to quantify the risk of indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19, Flow, vol. in press, 2021, medRxiv preprint: doi: 10.1101\/2021.04.04.21254903.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.04.21254903"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.09.002","article-title":"Indoor occupancy estimation from carbon dioxide concentration","volume":"131","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy and Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.07.027","article-title":"Predicting occupancy counts using physical and statistical CO2-based modeling methodologies","volume":"123","author":"Zuraimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109566","article-title":"Bayesian filtering for building occupancy estimation from carbon dioxide concentration","volume":"206","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy and Buildings"}],"container-title":["Energy and Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378778821007817?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378778821007817?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T14:25:33Z","timestamp":1759933533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378778821007817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["S0378778821007817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.08.10.21261866","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0378-7788"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-7788","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Modeling and multiobjective optimization of indoor airborne disease transmission risk and associated energy consumption for building HVAC systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Energy and Buildings","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111497","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111497"}}