{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T01:53:49Z","timestamp":1791078829310,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["L'Enc\u00e9phale"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,29]],"date-time":"2012-01-29T11:35:57Z","timestamp":1327836957000},"page":"467-472","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["La d\u00e9pendance chimique et comportementale chez les \u00e9tudiants en m\u00e9decine. \u00c9tude comparative chez une population d\u2019\u00e9tudiants libanais"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Moaouad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Kazour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Rouhayem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Chammai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Richa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.1998.tb03477.x","article-title":"Gambling behavior of students in grades seven and eight in Alberta","volume":"68","author":"Adebayo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Canada. J Sch Health."},{"issue":"3 1","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-3-10","article-title":"Computer and Internet use by first year clinical and nursing students in a Nigerian teaching hospital","volume":"18","author":"Ajuwon","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0015","first-page":"238","article-title":"Is substance abuse among physicians a problem?","volume":"13","author":"Akvandar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Turk Psikiyatri"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0020","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-34","article-title":"Prevalence of substance use among college students in Eldoret, western Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Atwoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"265 16","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460160052028","article-title":"Substance use among senior medical students: a survey of 23\u00a0medical schools","volume":"24","author":"Baldwin","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/101053950301500210","article-title":"It usage, perceptions and literacy of medical students","volume":"15","author":"Bulgiba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1515\/IJAMH.2008.20.3.321","article-title":"Medical students: abuse of psychoactive substances and sexuality aspects","volume":"20","author":"Carvalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199705000-00017","article-title":"A longitudinal study of substances use and abuse in a single class of medical students","volume":"72","author":"Croen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.10.005","article-title":"Evolutional pattern of drug use by medical students","volume":"33","author":"Da Silveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.52.6.245-256","article-title":"Gambling and other risk behaviors on university campuses","volume":"52","author":"Engwall","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0060","first-page":"379","article-title":"Students sexual knowledge, attitudes toward sex, and willingness to treat sexual concerns","volume":"63","author":"Fisher","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Med Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/34.5.666","article-title":"The misuse of alcohol and other drugs by doctors: a UK report and one region's response","volume":"34","author":"Fowlie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023094725055","article-title":"An analysis of the relationship of alcohol to casino gambling among college students","volume":"14","author":"Giacopassi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Gamble Stud"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-7-199510010-00011","article-title":"Residency overwork and changing paradigms of service","volume":"123","author":"Griver","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.10.1348","article-title":"Resident physician substance use, by speciality","volume":"149","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Amy Psychiatry"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480170059029","article-title":"Prevalence of substance use among US physicians","volume":"267","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460160047027","article-title":"Resident physician substance use in the United States","volume":"2665","author":"Hughes","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0095","first-page":"8","article-title":"Computer use among medical students in an institution in Southern India","volume":"17","author":"Inamdar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1159\/000052045","article-title":"Use and abuse of licit and illicit substances: prevalence and risk factors among students in Lebanon","volume":"6","author":"Karam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.169.12.976","article-title":"How medical students use the computer and Internet at a Turkish military medical school","volume":"169","author":"Kir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/07448480309595725","article-title":"Correlates of college student gambling in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Labrie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379403900509","article-title":"Prevalence of pathological gambling and related problems among college students in the Quebec metropolitan area","volume":"39","author":"Ladouceur","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(00)00201-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of behavioral dependence: literature review and results of original studies","volume":"15","author":"Lejoyeux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-3-245","article-title":"Alcohol and other substance abuse and impairment among physicians in residency training","volume":"116","author":"Mache","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088709027462","article-title":"Risk factors of drug impairment in random samples of physicians and medical students","volume":"22","author":"McAutiffe","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Addict"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00108-8","article-title":"Factors influencing alcohol and illicit drug use amongst medical students","volume":"59","author":"Newbury-Birch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70562-9","article-title":"Physician impairment by substance abuse","volume":"81","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.553","article-title":"Internet use and attitudes towards illicit internet use behaviour in a sample of Russian college students","volume":"7","author":"Palesh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200405000-00007","article-title":"The effects of sleep loss and fatigue on resident\u2013physicians: a multi-institutional, mixed-method study","volume":"79","author":"Papp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2011.00297.x","article-title":"Alcohol misuse is rare among Hong Kong medical students","volume":"30","author":"Rotheray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1980.tb00633.x","article-title":"Drug abuse among resident doctor","volume":"62","author":"Sethi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/08897070902802067","article-title":"Prevalence of at-risk drinking among a national sample of medical students","volume":"30","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.22.2874","article-title":"Alcohol and substance abuse among medical residents","volume":"284","author":"Simson","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0175","first-page":"167","article-title":"Amphetamine usage by medical students","volume":"41","author":"Smith","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Med Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120030897","article-title":"Using rash model to develop a revised gambling atitudes and beliefs scale (GABS) for use with male college student gamblers","volume":"39","author":"Strong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Subst Use Measure"},{"issue":"7129","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7129.405","article-title":"Missed problems and missed opportunities fors addicted doctors","volume":"316","author":"Strang","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2011.568079","article-title":"Social location, social integration, and the co-occurrence of substance abuse and psychological distress","volume":"37","author":"Tenorio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ap.33.3.193","article-title":"The perceptions and habits of alcohol consumption and smoking among Canadian medical students","volume":"33","author":"Thakore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-9-219","article-title":"Consumption of alcohol, cigarettes and illegal substances among physicians and medical students in Brandenburg and Saxony (Germany)","volume":"9","author":"Voigt","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2923.2000.00638.x","article-title":"Medical students, drugs and alcohol: time for medical schools to take the issue seriously","volume":"34","author":"Wallace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460160088036","article-title":"Substance use rates among medical students and resident physicians","volume":"265","author":"Westermeyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["L'Enc\u00e9phale"],"original-title":[],"language":"fr","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013700611002351?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013700611002351?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T20:54:12Z","timestamp":1543265652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013700611002351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0013700611002351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.encep.2011.12.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-7006"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7006","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}}}