{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:02:44Z","timestamp":1780567364055,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["L'Enc\u00e9phale"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T01:42:56Z","timestamp":1631151776000},"page":"371-382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effect of COVID-19 on mental health among the young population in Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Younes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Safwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Rahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Hammoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Akiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Akel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10223","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"issue":"10223","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1725399","article-title":"RNA based mNGS approach identifies a novel human coronavirus from two individual pneumonia cases in 2019 Wuhan outbreak","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"10228","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30557-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 is an appropriate name for the new coronavirus","volume":"395","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0215","unstructured":"WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 May 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.91","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019: achieving good mental health during social isolation","volume":"217","author":"Diamond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0225","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102083","article-title":"Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"51","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey","volume":"288","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8524","article-title":"Insomnia and psychological reactions during the COVID-19 outbreak in China","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med JCSM"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13074","article-title":"Alcohol use in times of the COVID 19: implications for monitoring and policy","volume":"39","author":"Rehm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370705200405","article-title":"Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP1867","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539512443699","article-title":"Preventive behaviors and mental distress in response to H1N1 among university students in Guangzhou, China","volume":"27","author":"Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","article-title":"Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research","volume":"2","author":"Bastien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.601","article-title":"The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response","volume":"34","author":"Morin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.04.006","article-title":"Standardization of the depression screener patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population","volume":"35","author":"Kocalevent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0144.x","article-title":"Assessing depression in primary care with the PHQ-9: can it be carried out over the telephone?","volume":"20","author":"Pinto-Meza","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.07.010","article-title":"Validity of the GAD-7 scale as an outcome measure of disability in patients with generalized anxiety disorders in primary care","volume":"128","author":"Ruiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200407","article-title":"Public mental health crisis during COVID-19 pandemic, China","volume":"26","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0290","unstructured":"WHO\/Europe\u00a0|\u00a0Media centre \u2013\u00a0Statement\u00a0\u2013 Physical and mental health key to resilience during COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 4]. Available from: https:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/media-centre\/sections\/statements\/2020\/statement-physical-and-mental-health-key-to-resilience-during-covid-19-pandemic."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa031","article-title":"The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"27","author":"Depoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-493","article-title":"Developing cessation interventions for the social and community service setting: a qualitative study of barriers to quitting among disadvantaged Australian smokers","volume":"11","author":"Bryant","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0305","first-page":"1849","article-title":"Psychosocial stress and cigarette smoking persistence, cessation, and relapse over 9\u201310 years: a prospective study of middle-aged adults in the United States","volume":"24","author":"Slopen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.173.3.271","article-title":"Reported stress and its relationship to tobacco use among U.S. military personnel","volume":"173","author":"Stein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02399-5","article-title":"Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian survey","volume":"18","author":"Di Renzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030841","article-title":"Smoking upregulates angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor: a potential adhesion site for novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19)","volume":"9","author":"Brake","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.015","article-title":"Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: a review","volume":"14","author":"Jayawardena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.101989","article-title":"Fear of COVID 2019. First suicidal case in India!","volume":"49","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.202043","article-title":"Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic","volume":"49","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45120","article-title":"Progression of mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak in China","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-020-00210-w","article-title":"Pharmacists at the frontline beating the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Bukhari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000713","article-title":"Infodemic and the spread of fake news in the COVID-19-era","volume":"27","author":"Orso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051729","article-title":"Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00141","article-title":"Facilitating collective psychosocial resilience in the public in emergencies: twelve recommendations based on the social identity approach","volume":"7","author":"Drury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2018.10.003","article-title":"Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients","volume":"87","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.12.1655","article-title":"The prevalence of insomnia, its sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and treatment in rural and urban regions of Beijing, China: a general population-based survey","volume":"31","author":"Xiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400504","article-title":"The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-015-0064-9","article-title":"Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review","volume":"15","author":"Bogic","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"}],"container-title":["L'Enc\u00e9phale"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013700621001792?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013700621001792?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T17:40:54Z","timestamp":1757958054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013700621001792"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0013700621001792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-7006"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7006","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effect of COVID-19 on mental health among the young population in Lebanon","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"L'Enc\u00e9phale","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.encep.2021.06.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 L'Enc\u00e9phale, Paris.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}