{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T21:03:52Z","timestamp":1749762232815},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endeavour"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,14]],"date-time":"2007-11-14T17:04:10Z","timestamp":1195059850000},"page":"124-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A bug's life: change and transformation in early modern China"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"Nappi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib1","unstructured":"The phrase mingling zi (\u201cmingling child\u201d) came to be used in the late 16th or early 17th century to refer to an adopted child, or a son whose profession differed from that of his father"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib2","series-title":"The Five \u201cConfucian\u201d Classics","author":"Nylan","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib3","series-title":"Bencao Gangmu","first-page":"1512","author":"Li","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib4","unstructured":"The Materia Medica was first published in 1596 and is still consulted by doctors today. For much more background on Li Shizhen and his work, see Nappi, C. (2006). \u201cThe Monkey of the Inkpot: Natural History and its Transformations in Early Modern China\u201d, PhD Thesis, Princeton University"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib5","first-page":"57","article-title":"Dr\u00f4les de bestioles: qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019un chong?","volume":"18","author":"F\u00e8vre","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anthropozoologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib6","unstructured":"These categories reflected the major groups of living beings according to many popular Chinese classifications of nature. In essence, Li was saying that chong represent a microcosm of all life in the universe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib7","unstructured":"According to Li, \u201cIt can be seen in the Classic of Rites that the cicada, the bee, ants and ants\u2019 eggs were once used as ritual food offerings; it was noted in prescription books that the centipede, silkworm, toad and scorpion could be used in medicine\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib8","unstructured":"For the text of this account, see Li Shizhen, Bencao Gangmu, 1480. The \u201cimps of darkness,\u201d or yu, were creatures that lived in lakes and streams awaiting unwary bathers, in some ways resembling the Japanese kappa. These creatures, classified as chong in Li's work, would shoot streams of poisonous sand or qi at human bodies or shadows, sickening and potentially killing their victims. A favorite targets of the imps were lascivious women bathing in the nude"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib9","unstructured":"Earthworms (qiuyin) and grasshoppers could also interbreed by singing upwind and downwind, respectively\u2014when their songs met on the wind, one of them was instantly impregnated. According to natural history texts, a variety of birds, serpents (including dragons) and insects could mate via wind-carried song or gaze. For more of Li's thoughts on the sometimes bizarre behavior of earthworms, see Li Shizhen, Bencao Gangmu, 1568, (2002). (Hengru, L., Shanyong, L., eds), Huaxia chubanshe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib10","unstructured":"Ye Ziqi (1997). Master of Herbs and Trees (Caomuzi), 15, Zhonghua shuju. The Caomuzi, finished in 1378, was first published in 1516 by Ye's grandson. Li Shizhen worked in part from Ye Ziqi's book in making his own comments on body parasites: \u201cPeople and things all have bugs, but the shape of each kind of bug is different. They originate in changes in qi, afterwards they give off eggs from which nits (young lice) emerge. According to the Caomuzi, bugs have six legs, and when they move they must face north. The Baopuzi states: Lice on the head are black, and when they move to the body they turn white; body-lice are white, and when they move to the head turn black. This is because they are subtly influenced as a result of contact.\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib11","series-title":"Mysteries Within Mysteries of the Golden-Bamboo Chest (Jinsi xuanxuan)","author":"Zhou","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib12","unstructured":"Ye Ziqi, Caomuzi, 15"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib13","unstructured":"Li Shizhen, Bencao Gangmu, 1576\u20131577. Many of the creatures described in this passage had powerful medical or military uses. Fireflies were particularly good at keeping thieves and bandits away, and were lauded by several Daoist authors for their striking medical effects. One prescription for \u201cfirefly pills\u201d in Li's Materia Medica cited the efficacy of these bugs for \u201cpreventing the onset of diseases, attacks by vicious agents, evil and demons, and attacks of tigers, wolves, snakes, wasps, and scorpions, as well as injury from soldiers\u2019 weapons, thieves and bandits.\u201d The text went on to describe a Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) general who was protected from the arrows of a military troop (appropriately named \u201cThe Tigers\u201d) and fooled them into believing he was guarded by deities, simply by hanging a pouch of firefly pills from his arm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib14","unstructured":"Wuxing is most commonly translated as \u201cfive phases\u201d or \u201cfive elements,\u201d but literally can also be translated as \u201cfive movers\u201d or \u201cfive movements.\u201d Most contemporary scholars have avoided the \u201cfive elements\u201d translation made popular by early modern Jesuits out of concern that it invites a direct comparison with the conceptually very different Aristotelian elements"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib15","unstructured":"The five constituents of the cycle could also be ordered in different sequences of change, depending on the context"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib16","unstructured":"For a full list of the contents of Li's work, see Nappi, \u201cMonkey\u201d pp. 251\u2013254"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001_bib17","unstructured":"Zhao Xuemin (1971 and 1982) Correcting and Supplementing the Bencao gangmu (Bencao gangmu shiyi), 521, Shangwu yinshuguan"}],"container-title":["Endeavour"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160932707000646?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160932707000646?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T19:28:58Z","timestamp":1546457338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160932707000646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0160932707000646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.09.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-9327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-9327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}}}