{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T23:16:21Z","timestamp":1782342981461,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1A2C1089494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A2C1089494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020K1A3A1A19088692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020K1A3A1A19088692"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Energy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:30:07Z","timestamp":1647563407000},"page":"123778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Review of dual-fuel combustion in the compression-ignition engine: Spray, combustion, and emission"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"250","author":[{"given":"Quangkhai","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungwook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7777-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avinash Kumar","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2810-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suhan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.09.070","article-title":"Combustion and emission characteristics of a turbocharged diesel engine using high premixed ratio of methanol and diesel fuel","volume":"140","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.12.080","article-title":"Effects of alternative fuels on the combustion characteristics and emission products from diesel engines: a review","volume":"71","author":"Geng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2015.09.018","article-title":"A\u00a0review on natural gas\/diesel dual fuel combustion, emissions and performance","volume":"142","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.09.063","article-title":"Recent evidence concerning higher NOx emissions from passenger cars and light duty vehicles","volume":"45","author":"Carslaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2013.09.003","article-title":"Review of motor vehicle particulate emissions sampling and measurement: from smoke and filter mass to particle number","volume":"67","author":"Giechaskiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.120","article-title":"Characterizing emission rates of regulated pollutants from model year 2012\u00a0+ heavy-duty diesel vehicles equipped with DPF and SCR systems","volume":"619\u2013620","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-014-0793-9","article-title":"The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems","volume":"17","author":"Re\u015fito\u0287lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clean Technol Environ Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138583","article-title":"The impact of diesel vehicles on NOx and PM10 emissions from road transport in urban morphological zones: a case study in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany","volume":"727","author":"Breuer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib9","article-title":"China's Stage VI emission standard for heavy-duty vehicles (final rule)","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"ICCT Pol Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2007.08.003","article-title":"Air pollution combustion emissions: characterization of causative agents and mechanisms associated with cancer, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects","volume":"636","author":"Lewtas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2001.10464315","article-title":"Diesel engines: environmental impact and control","volume":"51","author":"Lloyd","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.9767\/bcrec.5.2.794.69-86","article-title":"A\u00a0review on diesel soot emission, its effect and control","volume":"5","author":"Prasad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull Chem React Eng Catal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib13","series-title":"Global trends in diesel emissions regulation - a 2001 update","author":"Walsh","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-005-9068-z","article-title":"Health implications of nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Kreyling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nanoparticle Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701495279","article-title":"Health effects of inhaled gasoline engine emissions","volume":"19","author":"McDonald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-3-13","article-title":"Translocation and potential neurological effects of fine and ultrafine particles a critical update","volume":"3","author":"Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib17","series-title":"Gasoline engine management. Bosch professional automotive information","first-page":"24","article-title":"Fuels","author":"Ullmann","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2012.05.021","article-title":"Combustion and emission characteristics of a natural gas-fueled diesel engine with EGR","volume":"64","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.12.1065","article-title":"Application of blend fuels in a diesel engine","volume":"14","author":"Liaquat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1243\/09544070360692104","article-title":"Reduction of emissions in an automotive direct injection diesel engine dual-fuelled with natural gas by using variable exhaust gas recirculation","volume":"217","author":"Pirouzpanah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng - Part D J Automob Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib21","volume":"1\u201312","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pilot-Ignited Natural Gas Engines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.1021\/es9701063","article-title":"Emissions comparisons from alternative fuel buses and diesel buses with a chassis dynamometer testing facility","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.12.1143","article-title":"Effect of additive on performance of C.I. engine fuelled with bio diesel","volume":"14","author":"Shahabuddina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.10.020","article-title":"Experimental investigation on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of four stroke diesel engine using diesel blended with alcohol as fuel","volume":"78","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.05.080","article-title":"The influence of fuel composition on the combustion and emission characteristics of natural gas fueled engines","volume":"38","author":"Kakaee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/en11102814","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of biodiesel on emissions and performance by comparing the results of the new European drive cycle and worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle","volume":"11","author":"Kaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.02.007","article-title":"Mixing effects of biogas and dimethyl ether (DME) on combustion and emission characteristics of DME fueled high-speed diesel engine","volume":"66","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/app9224842","article-title":"A\u00a0review of hydrogen direct injection for internal combustion engines: towards carbon-free combustion","volume":"9","author":"Yip","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2015.03.002","article-title":"LPG diesel dual fuel engine - a critical review","volume":"54","author":"Ashok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alex Eng J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2017.03.001","article-title":"Numerical study of the substitutional diesel fuel energy in a dual fuel diesel-LPG engine with two direct injectors per cylinder","volume":"161","author":"Boretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.05.046","article-title":"Effects of pilot injection timing on the combustion and emissions characteristics in a diesel engine using biodiesel-CNG dual fuel","volume":"111","author":"Ryu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.09.046","article-title":"Characteristics of LPG-diesel dual fuelled engine operated with rapeseed methyl ester and gas-to-liquid diesel fuels","volume":"47","author":"Tira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.08.034","article-title":"Effects of combustion duration characteristic on the brake thermal efficiency and NOx emission of a turbocharged diesel engine fueled with diesel-LNG dual-fuel","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Therm Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.02.027","article-title":"Performance and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine fuelled with diesel and LNG (liquid natural gas)","volume":"53","author":"Cheenkachorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib35","series-title":"Development of a compression ignition heavy duty pilot-ignited natural gas fuelled engine for low NOx emissions","author":"Goudie","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116607","article-title":"Diesel injector nozzle optimization for high CNG substitution in a dual-fuel heavy-duty diesel engine","volume":"262","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.03.024","article-title":"Effects of pilot fuel quantity on the emissions characteristics of a CNG\/diesel dual fuel engine with optimized pilot injection timing","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib38","series-title":"Use of CNG and diesel in CI engines in dual fuel mode","first-page":"500","author":"Maji","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib39","series-title":"LNG: an alternative fuel for road freight transport in Europe","first-page":"235","author":"Osorio-Tejada","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2016.06.028","article-title":"Characterization of soot from diesel-CNG dual-fuel combustion in a CI engine","volume":"184","author":"Nithyanandan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib41","series-title":"Literature review and simulation of dual fuel diesel-CNG engines","author":"Shah","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2012.01.014","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen and LPG addition on the efficiency and emissions of a dual fuel diesel engine","volume":"37","author":"Lata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2019.113718","article-title":"Experimental study of using additive in the pilot fuel on the performance and emission trade-offs in the diesel\/CNG (methane emulated)dual-fuel combustion mode","volume":"157","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Therm Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2014.08.002","article-title":"Development of an ANN based system identification tool to estimate the performance-emission characteristics of a CRDI assisted CNG dual fuel diesel engine","volume":"21","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nat Gas Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2017.09.035","article-title":"A\u00a0comparative exergetic performance and emission analysis of pilot diesel dual-fuel engine with biogas, CNG and hydrogen as main fuels","volume":"151","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116003","article-title":"Comparative study of pilot fuel property and intake air boost on combustion and performance in the CNG dual-fuel engine","volume":"256","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.06.326","article-title":"Performance analysis of a dual fuel engine using LPG and diesel with EGR system","volume":"38","author":"Kumaraswamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1080\/17597269.2016.1193838","article-title":"Effect of EGR on performance and emission characteristics of a dual fuel engine fuelled with CNG and JOME","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biofuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib49","first-page":"1346","article-title":"Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and intake pre-heating on performance and emission characteristics of dual fuel engines at part loads","volume":"19","author":"Paykani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cent S Univ Technol (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib50","series-title":"Combustion and emissions of paired-nozzle jets in a pilot-ignited direct-injection natural gas engine","author":"Mabson","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s41104-016-0002-4","article-title":"Injection strategies for low HC raw emissions in SI engines with CNG direct injection","volume":"1","author":"Seboldt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Automot Engine Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib52","series-title":"Efficiency and emissions characteristics of partially premixed dual-fuel combustion by Co-direct injection of NG and diesel fuel (DI2)","author":"Florea","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/2015-01-0865","article-title":"Direct injection of natural gas at up to 600 bar in a pilot-ignited heavy-duty engine","volume":"8","author":"McTaggart-Cowan","year":"2015","journal-title":"SAE Int J Engines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib54","series-title":"Potential and challenges of HPDI","first-page":"1","author":"Mumford","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2013.01.112","article-title":"Latest concepts for combustion and waste heat recovery systems being considered for hydrogen engines","volume":"38","author":"Boretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib56","series-title":"Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of di Diesel engine with hydrogen fuel","author":"Saravanan","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/su12229321","article-title":"Hydrogen\u2014an alternative fuel for automotive diesel engines used in transportation","volume":"12","author":"Cernat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.07.012","article-title":"Analysis of the effects of multiple injection strategies with hydrogen on engine performance and emissions in diesel engine","volume":"45","author":"G\u00fcrb\u00fcz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.04.145","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen fuel at higher flow rate under dual fuel mode in CRDI diesel engine","volume":"45","author":"Gnanamoorthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.05.049","article-title":"Hydrogen effects on combustion stability, performance and emission of diesel engine","volume":"45","author":"Jamrozik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib61","article-title":"Experimental investigation of hydrogen fuel injection in di dual fuel diesel engine","author":"Saravanan","year":"2007","journal-title":"SAE Tech Pap"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2017.01.152","article-title":"The utilization of hydrogen in hydrogen\/diesel dual fuel engine","volume":"42","author":"Tsujimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2008.10.077","article-title":"An experimental investigation on engine performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine using hydrogen as inducted fuel and diesel as injected fuel with exhaust gas recirculation","volume":"34","author":"Bose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib64","series-title":"Experimental investigation of the effects of combined hydrogen and diesel combustion on the emissions of a HSDI diesel engine","author":"McWilliam","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2009.11.009","article-title":"An experimental investigation on engine performance and emissions of a supercharged H2-diesel dual-fuel engine","volume":"35","author":"Roy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib66","series-title":"An experimental investigation on a diesel engine with hydrogen fuel injection in intake manifold","first-page":"776","author":"Saravanan","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib67","series-title":"Modeling the pilot injection and the ignition process of a dual fuel injector with experimental data from a combustion chamber using detailed reaction kinetics","first-page":"1","author":"Fr\u00fchhaber","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2016.11.070","article-title":"Characteristics of non-evaporating, evaporating and burning sprays of hydrous ethanol diesel emulsified fuels","volume":"191","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118602","article-title":"Optical investigation on impacts of component ratio on spray, combustion and flame structure of isopropanol-butanol-ethanol (IBE)\/diesel blends","volume":"280","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117382","article-title":"Investigation of combustion and spray of biowaste based fuel and diesel blends","volume":"268","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.02.035","article-title":"Evaporating spray characteristics of a diesel-ethanol micro-emulsion","volume":"246","author":"Boggavarapu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2018.10.014","article-title":"Large-eddy simulation of dual-fuel ignition: diesel spray injection into a lean methane-air mixture","volume":"199","author":"Kahila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Combust Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib73","article-title":"The influence of hydrogen on vaporization , mixture formation and combustion of diesel fuel at an automotive diesel engine","author":"Cernat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing fuel properties effects of 2,5-dimethylfuran on microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of oxygenated fuel\/diesel blends spray","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib75","series-title":"Macroscopic and microscopic spray characteristics of diesel and Karanja biodiesel blends","author":"Gupta","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549719870244","article-title":"Experimental and numerical analysis of the spray characteristics of biodiesel\u2013ethanol fuel blends","volume":"97","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Simulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5559","DOI":"10.3390\/en14175559","article-title":"Experimental research on the macroscopic and microscopic spray characteristics of diesel-PODE3-4 blends","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2016.08.082","article-title":"Effect of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers addition on spray and atomization characteristics using a common rail diesel injection system","volume":"186","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.02.181","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen supplementation on engine performance and emissions","volume":"43","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.03.052","article-title":"Impact of oxygenated additives to palm and jatropha biodiesel blends in the context of performance and emissions characteristics of a light-duty diesel engine","volume":"83","author":"Imtenan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.09.070","article-title":"Effect of injection timing on modified direct injection diesel engine performance operated with dairy scum biodiesel and Bio-CNG","volume":"147","author":"Channappagoudra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2011.12.137","article-title":"Assessing the effects of partially decarbonising a diesel engine by co-fuelling with dissociated ammonia","volume":"37","author":"Gill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.11.002","article-title":"Performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of Karanja biodiesel in a transportation engine","volume":"119","author":"Dhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.04.033","article-title":"Performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled by biodiesel\u2013diesel, biodiesel\u2013diesel-additive and kerosene\u2013biodiesel blends","volume":"84","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.10.081","article-title":"Effects of soybean biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics","volume":"115","author":"\u00d6zener","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.06.022","article-title":"Effect of biodiesel-butanol fuel blends on emissions and performance characteristics of a diesel engine","volume":"135","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel usage on performance, emissions and diesel combustion in diesel engines","volume":"8","author":"Karag\u00f6z","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Mech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.06.280","article-title":"Experimental investigations on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Diesel-Hydrogen and Diesel-HHO gas in a Dual fuel CI engine","volume":"45","author":"Subramanian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.03.120","article-title":"Experimental study of engine performance and emissions for hydrogen diesel dual fuel engine with exhaust gas recirculation","volume":"44","author":"Nag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app10144949","article-title":"Assessment of direct injected liquefied petroleum gas-diesel blends for ultra-low soot combustion engine application","volume":"10","author":"Ianniello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-019-08726-3","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the effect of natural gas premixed ratio on combustion and emissions in an IDI engine","volume":"138","author":"Khatamnejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Therm Anal Calorim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.03.100","article-title":"Numerical investigation on the combustion and emissions of a kerosene-diesel fueled compression ignition engine assisted by ammonia fumigation","volume":"204","author":"Tay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7540","DOI":"10.3390\/en14227540","article-title":"Thermochemical recuperation to enable efficient ammonia-diesel dual-fuel combustion in a compression ignition engine","volume":"14","author":"Kane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2013.05.144","article-title":"Ammonia as hydrogen carrier for transportation; Investigation of the ammonia exhaust gas fuel reforming","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116432","article-title":"Influences of natural gas energy fraction on combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel pilot ignition natural gas engine based on a reduced chemical kinetic model","volume":"261","author":"Shu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.09.122","article-title":"Study on the mechanism of the ignition process of ammonia\/hydrogen mixture under high-pressure direct-injection engine conditions","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.05.014","article-title":"Influence of fumigation methanol on the combustion and particulate emissions of a diesel engine","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.029","article-title":"Effects of diesel injection parameters on the rapid combustion and emissions of an HD common-rail diesel engine fueled with diesel-methanol dual-fuel","volume":"108","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Therm Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app10010359","article-title":"Comparative study on the energetic and ecologic parameters of dual fuels (diesel-NG and HVO-biogas) and conventional diesel fuel in a CI engine","volume":"10","author":"Rimkus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.09.053","article-title":"Effect of pilot fuel properties on engine performance and combustion stability in a tri-fuel engine powered by premixed methane-hydrogen and diesel pilot","volume":"46","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib101","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Ryu","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib102","series-title":"Characteristics of combustion and emissions in a di engine fueled with biodiesel blends from soybean oil","author":"Zhang","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115664","article-title":"In-depth comparison between pure diesel and diesel methanol dual fuel combustion mode","volume":"278","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib104","series-title":"The performance and emissions of a conventional natural gas\/diesel dual fuel engine at various operating conditions","first-page":"1","author":"Kozarac","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.10.034","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the effects of ammonia solution (NH3OH) on engine performance and exhaust emissions of a small diesel engine","volume":"214","author":"\u015eahin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of ammonia to reduce emission from biodiesel fuelled diesel engine","author":"Sivasubramanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ambient Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.05.011","article-title":"Effect of diesel injection strategies on natural gas\/diesel RCCI combustion characteristics in a light duty diesel engine","volume":"199","author":"Poorghasemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib108","series-title":"Influence of blend ratio and injection parameters on combustion and emissions characteristics of natural gas-diesel RCCI engine","author":"Khatamnejad","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4042507","article-title":"Diesel fuel multiple injection effects on emission characteristics of diesel engine mixed ammonia gas into intake air","volume":"141","author":"Niki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eng Gas Turbines Power"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116414","article-title":"Impact of natural gas injection strategies on combustion and emissions of a dual fuel natural gas engine ignited with diesel at low loads","volume":"260","author":"You","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1177\/1468087420940942","article-title":"An experimental investigation of the performance, emission and combustion stability of compression ignition engine powered by diesel and ammonia solution (NH4OH)","volume":"22","author":"Pyrc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Engine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/en12071255","article-title":"NOx reduction in diesel-hydrogen engines using different strategies of ammonia injection","volume":"12","author":"Lamas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.07.055","article-title":"Combustion and emissions characteristics of compression-ignition engine using dual ammonia-diesel fuel","volume":"90","author":"Reiter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119824","article-title":"Effects of diesel pre-injection on the combustion and emission characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with diesel-methanol dual-fuel","volume":"290","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119721","article-title":"Comparison study the particulate matter characteristics in a diesel\/natural gas dual-fuel engine under different natural gas-air mixing operation conditions","volume":"288","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib116","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the effect of urea addition to fuel on engine performance and emissions in diesel engines","author":"Demir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.02.012","article-title":"Investigation on soot emissions from diesel-CNG dual-fuel","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.12.020","article-title":"Effects of methanol to diesel ratio and diesel injection timing on combustion, performance and emissions of a methanol port premixed diesel engine","volume":"95","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.07.065","article-title":"Performance characteristics of compression-ignition engine using high concentration of ammonia mixed with dimethyl ether","volume":"113","author":"Ryu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119913","article-title":"Determination and utilization of optimal diesel\/n-butanol\/biogas derivation for small utility dual fuel diesel engine","volume":"289","author":"Mahla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib121","series-title":"Effects on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of dual fuel mode CI engine operated with waste cooking oil - ethanol as fuel","author":"Mayakrishnan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib122","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emissions and performance investigation on the effect of dual fuel injection in biodiesel driven diesel engine","author":"Raja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Sources, Part A Recovery, Util Environ Eff"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116923","article-title":"Energy, exergy, and emission analysis of a hydroxyl fueled compression ignition engine under dual fuel mode","volume":"265","author":"Kumar Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"}],"container-title":["Energy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360544222006818?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360544222006818?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T16:51:28Z","timestamp":1759769488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360544222006818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":123,"alternative-id":["S0360544222006818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-5442"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-5442","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Review of dual-fuel combustion in the compression-ignition engine: Spray, combustion, and emission","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Energy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123778","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"123778"}}