{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T07:22:14Z","timestamp":1782112934365,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Danish Strategic Research Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energy Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,18]],"date-time":"2012-09-18T06:15:55Z","timestamp":1347948955000},"page":"192-201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":253,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Renewable energy policies in Europe: Converging or diverging?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Lena","family":"Kitzing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poul Erik","family":"Morthorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib1","unstructured":"Beurskens, L.W.M., Hekkenberg, M., 2011. Renewable Energy Projections as Published in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the European Member States, Covering all 27 EU Member States. 28 November 2011, ECN\/European Environment Agency."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib2","unstructured":"BMU, 2011. RES Legal\u2014Legal sources on the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. \u3008http:\/\/www.res-legal.de\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couture, T., Cory, K., Kreycik, C., Williams, E., 2010. A policymakter's guide to feed-in tariff policy design. NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the US Department of Energy. \u3008http:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy10osti\/44849.pdf\u3009 (accessed 18.07.12).","DOI":"10.2172\/984987"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.10.047","article-title":"An analysis of feed-in tariff remuneration models: implications for renewable energy investment","volume":"38","author":"Couture","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib5","unstructured":"Department of Energy & Climate Change, 2012, Information on the Electricity Market Reform, United Kingdom. \u3008http:\/\/www.decc.gov.uk\/en\/content\/cms\/meeting_energy\/markets\/electricity\/electricity.aspx\u3009 (accessed 18.07.12)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib6","unstructured":"de Jager, D., Klessmann, C., Stricker, E., Winkel, T., de Visser, E., Koper, M., Ragwitz, M., Held, A., Resch, G., Busch, S., Panzer, C., Gazzo, A., Roulleau, T., Gousseland, P., Henriet, M., Bouill\u00e9, A., 2011. Financing Renewable Energy in the European Energy Market. By order of the European Commission, DG Energy, TREN\/D1\/518-2008. Ecofys, Utrecht."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib7","unstructured":"de Jager, D., Rathmann, M., 2008. Policy Instrument Design to Reduce Financing Costs in Renewable Energy Technology Projects, ANNEXES. By the order of IEA Implementing Agreement on Renewable Energy Technology Development RETD. Ecofys, Utrecht."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib8","unstructured":"Directive 2009\/28\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources and Amending and Subsequently Repealing Directives 2001\/77\/EC and 2003\/30\/EC. Official Journal of the European Union, 5.6.2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib9","unstructured":"ECN, 2011. Renewable Energy Projections as Published in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the European Member States\u2014Database. ECN\/European Environment Agency, Petten. \u3008http:\/\/www.ecn.nl\/units\/ps\/themes\/renewable-energy\/projects\/nreap\/data\u3009 (accessed December 2011)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib10","unstructured":"EIF, 2012. European Investment Fund\u2014What We Do. \u3008http:\/\/www.eif.org\u3009 (accessed January 2012)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib11","unstructured":"European Commission, 2011a. National Renewable Energy Action Plans, submitted by EU Member States in line with EC Directive 2009\/28\/EC. \u3008http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/energy\/renewables\/transparency_platform\/action_plan_en.htm\u3009 (accessed May 2011)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib12","unstructured":"European Commission, 2011b. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. Renewable Energy: Progressing towards the 2020 target, EC COM(2011) 131 final. Brussels."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib13","unstructured":"European Commission, 2011c. 2009\u20132010 Report on Progress in Creating the Internal and Electricity Market, Commission Staff Working Document. European Commission, Brussels, 9 June 2011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib14","unstructured":"European Commission, 2011d. Guidance Note on Financial Engineering Instruments under Article 44 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1083\/2006. DG Regional Policy, COCOF_10-0014-04-EN, 21.02.2011.European Commission, 2006. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1828\/2006 of 8 December 2006 setting out rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1083\/2006 laying down general provisions on the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and the Cohesion Fund and of Regulation (EC) No. 1080\/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European Regional Development Fund. Official Journal of the European Union, 27.12.2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib15","unstructured":"European Commission, 1997. Communication from the Commission. Energy for the Future: Renewable Sources of Energy. White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan. COM(97)599 final, 26.11.1997."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib16","unstructured":"European Communities, 2001. Community guidelines on State aid for environmental protection. 2001\/C 37\/03. Official Journal of the European Communities, 3.2.2001."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.11.015","article-title":"A historical review of promotion strategies for electricity from renewable energy sources in EU countries","volume":"15","author":"Haas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib18","unstructured":"Held, A., Ragwitz, M., Merkel, E., Rathmann, M., Klessmann, C., 2010. Re-Shaping: Shaping an Effective and Efficient European Renewable Energy Market. Indicators Assessing the Performance of Renewable Energy Support Policies in 27 Member States, EIE\/08\/517\/SI2.529243. Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe. \u3008http:\/\/www.reshaping-res-policy.eu\/downloads\/RE-Shaping%20D5D6_Report_final.pdf\u3009 (accessed January 2012)."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.02.043","article-title":"EU renewable energy support policy: faith or facts?","volume":"37","author":"Jacobsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib20","unstructured":"Klessmann, C., Lamers, P., Ragwitz, M., Resch, G., 2010. Re-Shaping: Shaping an Effective and Efficient European Renewable Energy Market. Design options for cooperation mechanisms between Member States und the new European Renewable Energy Directive, EIE\/08\/517\/SI2.529243. Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe. \u3008http:\/\/www.reshaping-res-policy.eu\/downloads\/D4_report_design-options-RES-flexibility-mechanisms.pdf\u3009 (accessed January 2012)."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.08.038","article-title":"Status and perspectives of renewable energy policy and deployment in the European Union\u2014what is needed to reach the 2020 targets?","volume":"33","author":"Klessmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(02)00133-7","article-title":"Prices versus quantities: choosing policies for promoting the development of renewable energy","volume":"31","author":"Menanteau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib23","unstructured":"Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, 2010. Norway and Sweden Agree on a Common Market for Green Certificates. Press Release No. 117\/10, 08.12.2010."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2004.08.004","article-title":"Effectiveness through risk reduction: a comparison of the renewable obligation in England and Wales and the feed-in system in Germany","volume":"34","author":"Mitchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(02)00119-2","article-title":"National environmental targets and international emission reduction instruments","volume":"31","author":"Morthorst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(00)00094-X","article-title":"The development of a green certificate market","volume":"28","author":"Morthorst","year":"2000","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib27","unstructured":"Ragwitz, M., Resch, G., Busch, S., Rudolf, F., Rosende, D., Held, A., Schubert, G., 2011a. REPAP2020: Renewable Energy Policy Action Paving the Way towards 2020. Assessment of National Renewable Energy Action Plans (interim status), March 2011. \u3008http:\/\/www.repap2020.eu\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/Roadmaps\/Assessment_of_NREAPs__REPAP_report_-_interim_status_.pdf\u3009 (accessed January 2012)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib28","unstructured":"Ragwitz, M., Held, A., Breitschopf, B., Rathmann, M., Klessmann, C., Resch, G., Panzer, C., Busch, S., Neuhoff, K., Junginger, M., Hoefnagels, R., Cusumano, N., Lorenzoni, A., Burgers, J., Boots, M., Konstantinaviciute, I., We\u00f6res, B., 2011b. Re-Shaping: Shaping an Effective and Efficient European Renewable Energy Market. Review report on support schemes for renewable electricity and heating in Europe, EIE\/08\/517\/SI2.529243. Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe.\u3008http:\/\/www.reshaping-res-policy.eu\/downloads\/D8%20Review%20Report_final%20%28RE-Shaping%29.pdf\u3009 (accessed January 2012)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib29","unstructured":"Ragwitz, M., Held, A., Resch, G., Faber, T., Haas, R., Huber, C., Coenraads, R., Voogt, M., Reece, G., Morthorst, P.E., Grenaa Jensen, S., Konstantinaviciute, I., Heyder, B., 2007. OPTRES. Assessment and Optimisation of Renewable Energy Support Schemes in the European Electricity Market. Final report. Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib30","unstructured":"Ragwitz, M., Schleich, J., Huber, C., Resch, G., Faber, T., Voogt, M., Coenraads, R., Cleijne, H., Bodo, P., 2005. FORRES 2020: Analysis of the Renewable Energy Sources' Evolution up to 2020. Final Report, TREN\/D2\/10-2002. Karlsruhe."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2003.10.019","article-title":"The European directive on renewable electricity: conflicts and compromises","volume":"33","author":"Rowlands","year":"2005","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064_bib32","unstructured":"Winkel, T., Rathmann, M., Ragwitz, M., Steinhilber, S., Winkler, J., Resch, G., Panzer, C., Busch, S., Konstantinaviciute, I., 2011. Renewable Energy Policy Country Profiles. 2011 version. Based on policy information available in November 2011. Prepared within the Intelligent Energy Europe project RE-SHAPING, EIE\/08\/517\/SI2.529243. \u3008http:\/\/www.reshaping-res-policy.eu\/downloads\/RE-SHAPING_Renewable-Energy-Policy-Country-profiles-2011_FINAL_1.pdf\u3009 (accessed January 2012)."}],"container-title":["Energy Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030142151200746X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030142151200746X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T01:36:28Z","timestamp":1562204188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S030142151200746X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S030142151200746X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.064","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4215","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}}}