{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T13:23:34Z","timestamp":1792934614467,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012904","name":"Unitec Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012904","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Energy Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T23:53:04Z","timestamp":1555113184000},"page":"227-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Impact of low emissions vehicles on reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Watabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Leaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Shafiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib2","series-title":"Long Term Energy Demand and Supply Outlooks","author":"Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE)","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib3","series-title":"Strategic Roadmap to Hydrogen and Fuel Cell","author":"Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib4","series-title":"Renewable Energy: Disclosure of Information A","author":"Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE)","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib5","series-title":"Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Japan","author":"Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE)","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib1","series-title":"Evaluation on Emissions Reduction Efforts and the Pathway to Emissions Reduction after 2030. ALPS International Symposium","author":"Akimoto","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib6","series-title":"Handbook of Japan's and World Energy and Economic Statistics","article-title":"World greenhouse Gas emissions","author":"Energy Data","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib7","series-title":"Study on the Development of Water Electrolysis in the European Union","author":"European Union (EU)","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.08.045","article-title":"Energy, environmental and economic impact of mini-sized and zero-emission vehicle diffusion on a light-duty vehicle fleet","volume":"181","author":"Gonzalez Palencia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib10","series-title":"TAFV: Alternative Fuels and Vehicle Choice Model Documentation","author":"Greene","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib11","series-title":"World Energy Outlook","author":"International Energy Association (IEA)","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib12","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference on the Society of Environmental Science, Japan","article-title":"Life cycle CO2 emission factors for passenger vehicles classified by power sources and weight categories","author":"Ito","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib13","series-title":"The Motor Industry of Japan 2017","author":"Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA)","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib14","author":"Japan National Institute of Population and Social Security Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib15","author":"Japanese Ministry of Environment (MOE)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib25","series-title":"Long-term Energy Demand Supply Outlook: Evaluation on Electricity Generation Cost","author":"Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib26","series-title":"Top-runner System","author":"Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib27","series-title":"Policy Measures for EV and PHV","author":"Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib28","series-title":"Expenses for Infrastructure Development for Promoting the Streamlining of Energy Utilization: Report on Infrastructure of EV PHV Charging Stations","author":"Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib29","series-title":"Report of EV and PHV Roadmap","author":"Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib30","series-title":"Roadmap on Technology for the Next Generation Thermal Power Generation","author":"Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib31","series-title":"Technology Roadmap of the Next Generation Thermal Power Generation: Technology Reference Information Packet","author":"Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib32","series-title":"Expert Committee for the Ideal Way of Demonstration and Research Project on CCS","author":"Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib34","series-title":"Automobile Transportation Statistical Yearbook","author":"Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT)","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib35","series-title":"Annual Report on Vehicle Fuel Consumption Statistics","author":"Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib36","series-title":"Trend of Automobiles Development and Forecast of Market Penetration","author":"Japanese Ministry of Environment (MOE)","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib37","series-title":"The Fourth Annual Fundamental Environmental Plan","author":"Japanese Ministry of Environment (MOE)","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib38","series-title":"Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Fiscal Year 2016","author":"Japanese Ministry of Environment (MOE)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib16","series-title":"Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Development Project","author":"Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI)","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib17","series-title":"Toward Promotion of Natural Gas Vehicles: 2017-2018","author":"Japan Gas Association (JGA)","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reduction of CO2 and cost-effectiveness analysis by future technology of automobile","volume":"3","author":"Kanari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Energy Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib19","series-title":"Leveling the Playing Field for Natural Gas in Transportation","author":"Knittle","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib20","series-title":"The 3rd Japan LCA Conference","article-title":"LCCO2 emissions of alternative fuel vehicles considering the difference of energy consumption by vehicle activities","author":"Kudoh","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2009.10.018","article-title":"Economic impact of the integration of alternative vehicle technologies into the New Zealand vehicle fleet","volume":"18","author":"Leaver","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib22","series-title":"Proceedings of the 21st World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Zaragoza, Spain","article-title":"Transition to hydrogen fuel cell and battery electric vehicle fleets in Japan and New Zealand","author":"Leaver","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2009.01.063","article-title":"Assessment of primary impacts of a hydrogen economy in New Zealand using UniSyD","volume":"34","author":"Leaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib24","series-title":"System Dynamic Modeling of New Zealand's Energy Economy: A Guide to UniSyD5.1","author":"Leaver","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2008.05.004","article-title":"Modeling technology diffusion of complementary goods: the case of hydrogen vehicles and refueling infrastructure","volume":"29","author":"Meyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib39","series-title":"Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development Roadmap","author":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib40","author":"Next Generation Vehicle Promotion Center (NGVPC)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib41","series-title":"Hydrogen Station Compression, Storage, and Dispensing Technical Status and Costs","author":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2564","article-title":"Rapidly falling costs of battery packs for electric vehicles","volume":"5","author":"Nykvist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.09.010","article-title":"Diffusion of low emission vehicles and their impact of CO2 emission reduction in Japan","volume":"81","author":"Oshiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.03.021","article-title":"Development of a market penetration forecasting model for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles considering infrastructure and cost reduction effects","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib46","series-title":"How Much Carbon Pricing Is in Countries' Own Interests?: the Critical Role of Co-benefits","author":"Parry","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2015.11.028","article-title":"A system dynamics based market agent model simulating future powertrain technology transition: scenarios in the EU light duty vehicle road transport sector","volume":"104","author":"Pasaoglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.03.013","article-title":"Potential impact of transition to a low-carbon transport system in Iceland","volume":"69","author":"Shafiei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.064","article-title":"Energy, economic, and mitigation cost comparisons of transition toward a carbon-neutral transport sector: a simulation-based comparison between hydrogen and electricity","volume":"141","author":"Shafiei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.03.032","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of inducing green vehicles to achieve deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand","volume":"150","author":"Shafiei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.12.034","article-title":"Macroeconomic effects of fiscal incentives to promote electric vehicles in Iceland: implications for government and consumer costs","volume":"114","author":"Shafiei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib52","series-title":"Well to Wheel Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Automotive Fuels in the Japanese Context: Well to Tank Report","author":"Toyota Motor Corporation","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib53","series-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd World Hydrogen Energy Conference","article-title":"Economic cost of rapid transitioning to hydrogen fuel cell light vehicles in Japan and New Zealand","author":"Watabe","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.02.068","article-title":"Market penetration speed and effects on CO2 reduction of electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles in Japan","volume":"45","author":"Yabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2320\/jinstmet.69.237","article-title":"Life cycle assessment (Energy consumption and CO2 emission) of fuel cell vehicle in comparison with gasoline and natural gas vehicles","volume":"69","author":"Yamada","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Inst. Metals"}],"container-title":["Energy Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301421519302307?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301421519302307?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T07:13:15Z","timestamp":1759561995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301421519302307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0301421519302307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4215","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of low emissions vehicles on reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Japan","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Energy Policy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.03.057","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}