{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T05:58:07Z","timestamp":1791007087951,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,28]],"date-time":"2019-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2859,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,23]],"date-time":"2011-01-23T09:19:07Z","timestamp":1295774347000},"page":"612-621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":229,"title":["Sewage epidemiology \u2014 A real-time approach to estimate the consumption of illicit drugs in Brussels, Belgium"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Alexander L.N.","family":"van Nuijs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Mougel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabela","family":"Tarcomnicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieven","family":"Bervoets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Blust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe G.","family":"Jorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Neels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Covaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/33.8.439","article-title":"Urinary MDMA, MDA, HMMA, and HMA excretion following controlled MDMA administration to humans","volume":"33","author":"Abraham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/8.1.23","article-title":"Urinary excretion of ecgonine methyl ester, a major metabolite of cocaine in humans","volume":"8","author":"Ambre","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/12.6.301","article-title":"Urinary excretion of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester in humans","volume":"12","author":"Ambre","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0020","first-page":"13","article-title":"A methodology for the estimation of unit nutrient and organic loads from domestic and non-domestic sources","volume":"4","author":"Andreottola","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Water Pollut Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0025","unstructured":"Aquiris Brussels-North Wastewater Treatment Plant. www.aquiris.be (accessed 7th November 2010)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0030","unstructured":"Bisceglia, K.J., 2010. Ph.D. dissertation. John Hopkins University, Baltimore."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8421","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061095b","article-title":"Identification and measurement of illicit drugs and their metabolites in urban wastewater by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"78","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199810000-00019","article-title":"Cocaine metabolism and urinary excretion after different routes of administration","volume":"20","author":"Cone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0045","series-title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment, scientific and regulatory issues, American Chemical Society","first-page":"348","author":"Daughton","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0050","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). EMCDDA project CT.99.EP.08 B, 2002. Handbook for surveys on drug use among the general population. Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2002. Available at http:\/\/www.emcdda.eu.int\/?fuseaction=public.AttachmentDownload&nNodeID=1390."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0055","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). The state of the drug problem in the European Union and Norway. Annual Report 2009. Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2009. Available at http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/annual-report\/2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0060","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), 2008. Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater. Potential and limitations of a new monitoring approach."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.06.023","article-title":"Determining the domestic specific loads of two wastewater plants of the Paris conurbation (France) with contrasted treatments: a step for exploring the effects of the application of the European Directive","volume":"40","author":"Garnier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-007-1754-5","article-title":"Analysis of cocaine and its principal metabolites in waste and surface water using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"391","author":"Gheorghe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00200-X","article-title":"The pharmacology of cocaethylene in humans following cocaine and ethanol administration","volume":"72","author":"Harris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.04.007","article-title":"Estimation of illicit drugs consumption by wastewater analysis in Paris area (France)","volume":"200","author":"Karolak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.03.017","article-title":"Illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals in the environment \u2014 forensic applications of environmental data. Part 1: estimation of the usage of drugs in local communities","volume":"157","author":"Kasprzyk-Hordern","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.07.002","article-title":"Illicit drugs in Canadian municipal wastewater and estimates of community drug use","volume":"158","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0095","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 2004. Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets. Available at: http:\/\/icsw.nhtsa.gov\/people\/injury\/research\/job185drugs\/drugs_web.pdf."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6024","DOI":"10.1021\/es100779n","article-title":"Sampling for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and illicit drugs in wastewater systems: are your conclusions valid? A critical review","volume":"44","author":"Ort","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6289","DOI":"10.1021\/es100778d","article-title":"Sampling for PPCPs in wastewater systems: comparison of different sampling modes and optimization strategies","volume":"44","author":"Ort","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2009.10.004","article-title":"Drugs of abuse and their metabolites in the Ebro river basin: occurence in sewage and surface water, sewage treatment plants removal efficiency, and collective drug usage estimation","volume":"36","author":"Postigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.06.012","article-title":"Evaluation of drugs of abuse use and trends in a prison through wastewater analysis","volume":"37","author":"Postigo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.04.020","article-title":"Illicit drugs in wastewater of the city of Zagreb (Croatia) \u2014 estimation of drug abuse in a transition country","volume":"158","author":"Terzic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0125","unstructured":"United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The World Drug Report 2004. Vienna, 2004. Available at http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data-and-analysis\/WDR-2004.html."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.12.020","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations in the occurence of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in waste- and surface water from Belgium and removal during wastewater treatment","volume":"43","author":"van Nuijs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.07.020","article-title":"Cocaine and metabolites in waste and surface water across Belgium","volume":"157","author":"van Nuijs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02523.x","article-title":"Can cocaine use be evaluated through analysis of wastewater? A nation-wide approach conducted in Belgium","volume":"104","author":"van Nuijs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-3017-0","article-title":"Analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"395","author":"van Nuijs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Nuijs, A.L.N., Castiglioni, S., Tarcomnicu, I., Postigo, C., Lopez de Alda, M.J., Neels, H., Zuccato, E., Barcelo, D., Covaci, A., in press. Illicit drug consumption estimations derived from wastewater analysis: A critical review. Science of the Total Environment, doi:10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.05.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.05.030"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2005.0313","article-title":"Estimations of municipal point source pollution in the context of river basin management","volume":"52","author":"Zessner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0160","first-page":"14","article-title":"Cocaine in surface waters: a new evidence-based tool to monitor community drug abuse","volume":"4","author":"Zuccato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Glob Access Sci Source"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11022","article-title":"Estimating community drug abuse by wastewater analysis","volume":"116","author":"Zuccato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412010002515?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412010002515?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,28]],"date-time":"2019-01-28T18:29:11Z","timestamp":1548700151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412010002515"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0160412010002515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}}}