{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:43:04Z","timestamp":1791394984237,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]],"date-time":"2017-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000226","name":"Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOA-4500314182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOA-4500314182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T23:46:01Z","timestamp":1505346361000},"page":"271-277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":363,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of dementia: A population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Kwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray","family":"Copes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perry","family":"Hystad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"van Donkelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall V.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Wilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard T.","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.05.016","article-title":"Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective","volume":"11","author":"Baumgart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62158-3","article-title":"Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project","volume":"383","author":"Beelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009","article-title":"Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease","volume":"32","author":"Block","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1945fje","article-title":"Nanometer size diesel exhaust particles are selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons: the role of microglia, phagocytosis, and NADPH oxidase","volume":"18","author":"Block","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.280","article-title":"Particulate air pollutants, APOE alleles and their contributions to cognitive impairment in older women and to amyloidogenesis in experimental models","volume":"7","author":"Cacciottolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.04.008","article-title":"Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: a pilot study with children and dogs","volume":"68","author":"Calderon-Garciduenas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623307313011","volume":"36","author":"Calderon-Garciduenas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0035","article-title":"Increased risk of dementia in patients exposed to nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide: a population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2008.12.011","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects of ambient air pollution on cognitive performance in US adults","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003532","article-title":"Spatial association between ambient fine particulate matter and incident hypertension","volume":"129","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24460","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and neurotoxicity on brain structure: evidence from women's health initiative memory study","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP185","article-title":"Ambient fine particulate matter and mortality among survivors of myocardial infarction: population-based cohort study","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw030","article-title":"Cohort profile: the ONtario population health and environment cohort (ONPHEC)","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0065","article-title":"Living near major roads and the incidence of dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis: a population-based cohort study","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104049","article-title":"Risk of nonaccidental and cardiovascular mortality in relation to long-term exposure to low concentrations of fine particulate matter: a Canadian National-Level Cohort Study","volume":"120","author":"Crouse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409276","article-title":"Ambient PM2.5, O3, and NO2 exposures and associations with mortality over 16years of follow-up in the Canadian census health and environment cohort (CanCHEC)","volume":"123","author":"Crouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450205","article-title":"Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease","volume":"345","author":"Diez Roux","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5621","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50479","article-title":"Optimal estimation for global ground level fine particulate matter concentrations","volume":"118","author":"van Donkelaar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10482","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02076","article-title":"High-resolution satellite-derived PM2.5 from optimal estimation and geographically weighted regression over North America","volume":"49","author":"van Donkelaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0095","author":"Environment Canada"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr424","article-title":"Association of long-term exposure to community noise and traffic-related air pollution with coronary heart disease mortality","volume":"175","author":"Gan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0105","article-title":"The adverse effects of air pollution on the nervous system","volume":"782462","author":"Genc","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0110","unstructured":"Health Effects Institute. 2010. Traffic-related air pollution: a critical review of the literature on emissions, exposure, and health effects. HEI Special Report 17; Available at: URL: http:\/\/pubs.healtheffects.org\/view.php?id=334. Accessed October 30, 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002976","article-title":"Creating national air pollution models for population exposure assessment in Canada","volume":"119","author":"Hystad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160105","article-title":"Identification of physician-diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in population-based administrative data: a validation study using family physicians' electronic medical records","volume":"54","author":"Jaakkimainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.1.139","article-title":"Influence of individual- and area-level measures of socioeconomic status on obesity, unhealthy eating, and physical inactivity in Canadian adolescents","volume":"83","author":"Janssen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140855","article-title":"Ozone, particulate matter, and newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"44","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408973","article-title":"Long-term PM exposure and neurological hospital admissions in the Northeastern United States","volume":"124","author":"Kioumourtzoglou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002986","article-title":"Diesel exhaust activates and primes microglia: air pollution, neuroinflammation, and regulation of dopaminergic neurotoxicity","volume":"119","author":"Levesque","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181d61eeb","article-title":"Negative controls: a tool for detecting confounding and bias in observational studies","volume":"21","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10797","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605941113","article-title":"Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain","volume":"113","author":"Maher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.8.1181","article-title":"Neighborhood environment and self-reported health status: a multilevel analysis","volume":"89","author":"Malmstrom","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403823","article-title":"Development of the Canadian marginalization index: a new tool for the study of inequality","volume":"103","author":"Matheson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408322","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and dementia incidence in northern Sweden: a longitudinal study","volume":"124","author":"Oudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-80","article-title":"Particulate matter and risk of Parkinson disease in a large prospective study of women","volume":"13","author":"Palacios","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002767","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and cognitive function in a cohort of older men","volume":"119","author":"Power","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.06.004","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution as a potential contributor to cognitive function, cognitive decline, brain imaging, and dementia: a systematic review of epidemiologic research","volume":"56","author":"Power","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0190","author":"Prince"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.08.003","article-title":"Long-term exposure to traffic-related particulate matter impairs cognitive function in the elderly","volume":"109","author":"Ranft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13967","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-13-13967-2013","article-title":"Multi-year objective analyses of warm season ground-level ozone and PM2.5 over North America using real-time observations and Canadian operational air quality models","volume":"13","author":"Robichaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00451-7","article-title":"Walking, exercising, and smoking: does neighborhood matter?","volume":"51","author":"Ross","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h1295","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1295","article-title":"Short term exposure to air pollution and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"350","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.05.016","article-title":"Indirect adjustment for multiple missing variables applicable to environmental epidemiology","volume":"134","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000162","article-title":"Outdoor fine particles and nonfatal strokes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000144","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution in relation to cognitive function in older adults","volume":"25","author":"Tonne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.03.018","article-title":"Associations of long-term exposure to air pollution and road traffic noise with cognitive function-an analysis of effect measure modification","volume":"103","author":"Tzivian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.12.022","article-title":"A cohort study of intra-urban variations in volatile organic compounds and mortality, Toronto, Canada","volume":"183","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04195.x","article-title":"Residential proximity to nearest major roadway and cognitive function in community-dwelling seniors: results from the MOBILIZE Boston study","volume":"60","author":"Wellenius","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.000395","article-title":"Ambient fine particulate matter alters cerebral hemodynamics in the elderly","volume":"44","author":"Wellenius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.683","article-title":"Exposure to particulate air pollution and cognitive decline in older women","volume":"172","author":"Weuve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.008348","article-title":"Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, residential proximity to major roads and measures of brain structure","volume":"46","author":"Wilker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0260","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020_bb0265","first-page":"220","article-title":"Association between air pollutants and dementia risk in the elderly","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412017308218?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412017308218?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T08:48:28Z","timestamp":1570092508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412017308218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0160412017308218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of dementia: A population-based cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}