{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:34:10Z","timestamp":1793172850859,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:17:34Z","timestamp":1616372254000},"page":"106468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Metal and essential element concentrations during pregnancy and associations with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Thea S.","family":"Skogheim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjell Vegard F.","family":"Weyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Aase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"Sur\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merete G.","family":"\u00d8ie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Biele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Reichborn-Kjennerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida H.","family":"Caspersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mady","family":"Hornig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Line S.","family":"Haug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gro D.","family":"Villanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0005","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007. ToxFAQs for Arsenic. https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/toxfaqs\/tfacts2.pdf (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0010","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2012. Toxicological profile for cadmium. https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/ToxProfiles\/tp5.pdf (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.29024\/aogh.909","article-title":"Environmental epigenetic changes, as risk factors for the development of diseases in children: a systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Alvarado-Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association, 2013, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association, Washington.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.042","article-title":"Selenium status during pregnancy: influential factors and effects on neuropsychological development among Spanish infants","volume":"610","author":"Amor\u00f3s","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.002","article-title":"Maternal selenium status and neuropsychological development in Spanish preschool children","volume":"16","author":"Amor\u00f3s","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.01.007","article-title":"Maternal copper status and neuropsychological development in infants and preschool children","volume":"222","author":"Amor\u00f3s","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2016.1146591","article-title":"An update on the comorbidity of ADHD and ASD: a focus on clinical management","volume":"16","author":"Antshel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"issue":"6395","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0045","article-title":"Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain","volume":"360","author":"Anttila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15493","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15493","article-title":"Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism","volume":"8","author":"Arora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0567-6","article-title":"Dynamical properties of elemental metabolism distinguish attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Austin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-013-0006-4","article-title":"Seafood intake and neurodevelopment: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Avella-Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0065","article-title":"Foetal oestrogens and autism","volume":"1\u20139","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.06.078","article-title":"Essential and toxic element concentrations in blood and urine and their associations with diet: results from a Norwegian population study including high-consumers of seafood and game","volume":"463","author":"Birgisdottir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.05.020","article-title":"Toxic metal (loid)-based pollutants and their possible role in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"166","author":"Bj\u00f8rklund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061661","article-title":"The role and the effect of magnesium in mental disorders: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Botturi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1204976","article-title":"Prenatal methylmercury, postnatal lead exposure, and evidence of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder among Inuit children in Arctic Qu\u00e9bec","volume":"120","author":"Boucher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2007.00103.x","article-title":"Validity of a new food frequency questionnaire for pregnant women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)","volume":"4","author":"Brants\u00e6ter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009005904","article-title":"Exploration of biomarkers for total fish intake in pregnant Norwegian women","volume":"13","author":"Brants\u00e6ter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361317712650","article-title":"Characterizing psychiatric comorbidity in children with autism spectrum disorder receiving publicly funded mental health services","volume":"22","author":"Brookman-Frazee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budtz-J\u00f8rgensen, E., Bellinger, D., Lanphear, B., Grandjean, P., International Pooled Lead Study Investigators, 2013. An international pooled analysis for obtaining a benchmark dose for environmental lead exposure in children. Risk Anal. 33(3), 450-461. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01882.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01882.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.291","article-title":"Patterns and dietary determinants of essential and toxic elements in blood measured in mid-pregnancy: the Norwegian Environmental Biobank","volume":"671","author":"Caspersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-015-9300-2","article-title":"A comparison of structural brain imaging findings in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"26","author":"Dougherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0120","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, 2009. Scientific opinion on cadmium in food. EFSA J. 7 (10) 980."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0125","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, 2010. Scientific opinion on lead in food. EFSA J. 8(4), 1570."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, 2014. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population. EFSA J. 12(3), 3597.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3597"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.024","article-title":"Molecular genetics of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"57","author":"Faraone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2013.10.006","article-title":"Exposure to metals during pregnancy and neuropsychological development at the age of 4 years","volume":"40","author":"Forns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0145","unstructured":"Garbuszus, J.M., Jeworutzki, S., 2018. Package \u2018readstata13\u2019. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/readstata13\/readstata13.pdf (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0215-7","article-title":"Prenatal mercury exposure and features of autism: a prospective population study","volume":"9","author":"Golding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Autism."},{"issue":"9553","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69665-7","article-title":"Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals","volume":"368","author":"Grandjean","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70278-3","article-title":"Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity","volume":"13","author":"Grandjean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00008","article-title":"Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research","volume":"10","author":"Greenland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2018.1444087","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders: prevalence and comorbidity in children referred to mental health services","volume":"72","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.1893","article-title":"Explaining the increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: the proportion attributable to changes in reporting practices","volume":"169","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.09.056","article-title":"In-utero and childhood chemical exposome in six European mother-child cohorts","volume":"121","author":"Haug","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.10.017","article-title":"Environmental toxicology: sensitive periods of development and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"58","author":"Heyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0190","unstructured":"Honaker, J., King, G., & Blackwell, M., 2019. Package \u2018Amelia\u2019. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/Amelia\/Amelia.pdf (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.11.012","article-title":"Significantly lower serum and hair magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder than controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2336-y","article-title":"Changes in prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in 2001\u20132011: findings from the Stockholm youth cohort","volume":"45","author":"Idring","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg032","article-title":"Hazards of heavy metal contamination","volume":"68","author":"J\u00e4rup","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2361","article-title":"Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"120","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0495","article-title":"Risk of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders among siblings of probands with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"73","author":"Jokiranta-Olkoniemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0220","first-page":"277","article-title":"Environmental chemical exposures and autism spectrum disorders: a review of the epidemiological evidence","volume":"44","author":"Kalkbrenner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0225","unstructured":"Keil, A.P., 2020. Package \u2018qgcomp\u2019. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/qgcomp\/qgcomp.pdf (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0230","unstructured":"Keil, A.P., Buckley, J.P., OBrien, K.M., Ferguson, K.K., & White, S.Z.A.J., 2019. A quantile-based g-computation approach to addressing the effects of exposure mixtures. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1902.04200. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1902.04200. (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712459886","article-title":"Are ASD and ADHD a continuum? A comparison of pathophysiological similarities between the disorders","volume":"19","author":"Kern","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atten Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.06.002","article-title":"The relationship between mercury and autism: a comprehensive review and discussion","volume":"37","author":"Kern","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002892","article-title":"The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population","volume":"35","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.19.175","article-title":"The effect of prenatal cadmium exposure on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in 6-year-old children in Korea","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanphear, B.P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P., Bellinger, D.C., ... & Rothenberg, S.J., 2005. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children\u2019s intellectual function: an international pooled analysis Environ Health Perspect. 113(7), 894-899. DOI: 10.1289\/ehp.7688.","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7688"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.020","article-title":"Early-life exposure to persistent organic pollutants (OCPs, PBDEs, PCBs, PFASs) and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a multi-pollutant analysis of a Norwegian birth cohort","volume":"125","author":"Lenters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09421-9","article-title":"Association between 10 urinary heavy metal exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder for children","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109755","article-title":"A pilot study of mothers and infants reveals fetal sex differences in the placental transfer efficiency of heavy metals","volume":"186","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113081","article-title":"Association between prenatal cadmium exposure and cognitive development of offspring: a systematic review","volume":"254","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0253-1","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders, endocrine disrupting compounds, and heavy metals in amniotic fluid: a case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2010.57","article-title":"A comparison of batch effect removal methods for enhancement of prediction performance using MAQC-II microarray gene expression data","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60189-2_2","article-title":"Manganese and developmental neurotoxicity","volume":"18","author":"Lucchini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw029","article-title":"Cohort profile update: the Norwegian mother and child cohort study (MoBa)","volume":"45","author":"Magnus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206438","article-title":"Grandmother's smoking when pregnant with the mother and asthma in the grandchild: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study","volume":"70","author":"Magnus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/840547","article-title":"Pb neurotoxicity: neuropsychological effects of lead toxicity","volume":"2014","author":"Mason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0045-4","article-title":"Prenatal mercury exposure, autism, and developmental delay, using pharmacokinetic combination of newborn blood concentrations and questionnaire data: a case control study","volume":"14","author":"McKean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.03.006","article-title":"Low iron stores are related to higher blood concentrations of manganese, cobalt and cadmium in non-smoking, Norwegian women in the HUNT 2 study","volume":"110","author":"Meltzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2015.01.010","article-title":"Arsenic in the human food chain, biotransformation and toxicology\u2014review focusing on seafood arsenic","volume":"31","author":"Molin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.002","article-title":"Socioeconomic position and exposure to multiple environmental chemical contaminants in six European mother-child cohorts","volume":"222","author":"Montazeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2014.09.005","article-title":"The influence of low level pre-and perinatal exposure to PCDD\/Fs, PCBs, and lead on attention performance and attention-related behavior among German school-aged children: results from the Duisburg Birth Cohort Study","volume":"218","author":"Neugebauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0335","article-title":"Metals and trace elements in relation to body mass index in a prospective study of US women","volume":"109396","author":"Niehoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2009.01062.x","article-title":"Self-selection and bias in a large prospective pregnancy cohort in Norway","volume":"23","author":"Nilsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711416909","article-title":"ADHD and female specific concerns: a review of the literature and clinical implications","volume":"16","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2015.1103437","article-title":"The plausibility of maternal toxicant exposure and nutritional status as contributing factors to the risk of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"20","author":"Nuttall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.01.001","article-title":"Manganese and selenium concentrations in umbilical cord serum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood","volume":"137","author":"Ode","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0360","first-page":"29","article-title":"The biobank of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study\u2013present status","volume":"24","author":"Paltiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nor Epidemiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5324","article-title":"Diet as a source of exposure to environmental contaminants for pregnant women and children from six European countries","volume":"127","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0443-5","article-title":"Very low-level prenatal mercury exposure and behaviors in children: the HOME study","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02828116","article-title":"Role of trace elements zinc, copper and magnesium during pregnancy and its outcome","volume":"71","author":"Pathak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2007.07.002","article-title":"The relation of low-level prenatal lead exposure to behavioral indicators of attention in Inuit infants in Arctic Quebec","volume":"29","author":"Plusquellec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942","article-title":"The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis","volume":"164","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt261","article-title":"ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"43","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.037","article-title":"Micronutrients during pregnancy and child psychomotor development: Opposite effects of Zinc and Selenium","volume":"158","author":"Polanska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0400","unstructured":"R Core Team, 2018. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0405","unstructured":"R Core Team, 2020. Package \u2018foreign\u2019. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/foreign\/foreign.pdf (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0410","unstructured":"Revelle, W., 2020. Package \u2018psych\u2019. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/psych\/psych.pdf (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.03.047","article-title":"Association of arsenic, cadmium and manganese exposure with neurodevelopment and behavioural disorders in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"454","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Barranco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.02.015","article-title":"A review on cognitive and brain endophenotypes that may be common in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and facilitate the search for pleiotropic genes","volume":"35","author":"Rommelse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0900900308","article-title":"Multiple imputation of missing values: further update of ice, with an emphasis on categorical variables","volume":"9","author":"Royston","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Stata Journal."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/63.3.581","article-title":"Inference and missing data","volume":"63","author":"Rubin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.06.227","article-title":"Associations of prenatal and early childhood mercury exposure with autistic behaviors at 5 years of age: the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study","volume":"605\u2013606","author":"Ryu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0015","article-title":"Status of essential elements in autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Saghazadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2012.1286","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to mercury and fish consumption during pregnancy and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder\u2013related behavior in children","volume":"166","author":"Sagiv","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0058-8","article-title":"Perinatal and childhood exposure to cadmium, manganese, and metal mixtures and effects on cognition and behavior: a review of recent literature","volume":"2","author":"Sanders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.4144","article-title":"The familial risk of autism","volume":"311","author":"Sandin","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.06.014","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to environmental contaminants and behavioural problems at age 7\u20138 years","volume":"59","author":"Sioen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126445","article-title":"Serum zinc, copper, zinc-to-copper ratio, and other essential elements and minerals in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"58","author":"Skalny","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0470","unstructured":"Stata Press, 2017. Mi Estimate \u2013 Estimation Using Multiple Imputations. https:\/\/www.stata.com\/manuals13\/mimiestimate.pdf (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0475","unstructured":"StataCorp, 2019. Stata Version 15. https:\/\/www.stata.com\/ (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2393","article-title":"Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls","volume":"338","author":"Sterne","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e152","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3217","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy in Norwegian children","volume":"130","author":"Sur\u00e9n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0490","first-page":"39","article-title":"The Autism Birth Cohort (ABC): a study of autism spectrum disorders in MoBa","volume":"24","author":"Sur\u00e9n","year":"2014","journal-title":"Norsk Epidemiologi."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sur\u00e9n, P., Thorstensen, A.G., T\u00f8rstad, M., Emhjellen, P.E., Furu, K., Biele, G., ... & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., 2018. Diagnosis of hyperkinetic disorder among children in Norway. Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening: tidsskrift for praktisk medicin. 138(20). DOI: 10.4045\/tidsskr.18.0418.","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.18.0418"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3652","article-title":"Association of genetic risk factors for psychiatric disorders and traits of these disorders in a Swedish population twin sample","volume":"76","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity and the environment","volume":"101","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Clin. Environ. Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318225c2be","article-title":"DAGitty: a graphical tool for analyzing causal diagrams","volume":"22","author":"Textor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_bib606","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00238-X","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"387","author":"Thapar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30376-5","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"4","author":"Thapar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000271469","article-title":"Variations in compliance with recommendations and types of meat\/seafood\/eggs according to sociodemographic and socioeconomic categories","volume":"56","author":"Touvier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0530","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders and environmental toxicants: epigenetics as an underlying mechanism","volume":"7526592","author":"Tran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Genomics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.06.017","article-title":"Associations between socioeconomic status and environmental toxicant concentrations in adults in the USA: NHANES 2001\u20132010","volume":"59","author":"Tyrrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.85","article-title":"Influence of copper on early development: prenatal and postnatal considerations","volume":"36","author":"Uriu-Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31829d2651","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder phenotypes and prenatal exposure to methylmercury","volume":"24","author":"van Wijngaarden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.05.001","article-title":"Environmental pollutants and child health\u2014a review of recent concerns","volume":"219","author":"Vrijheid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0555","article-title":"Using sibling designs to understand neurodevelopmental disorders: from genes and environments to prevention programming","volume":"672784","author":"Wade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"issue":"1331","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0560","first-page":"2017","article-title":"Potential role of pre-and postnatal testosterone levels in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: is there a sex difference?","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32835ee548","article-title":"Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"26","author":"Werling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0570","unstructured":"Wickham, H., Chang, W., Henry, L., Pedersen, T.L., Takahashi, K., Wilke, C., \u2026 & Dunnington, D., 2020. Package \u2018ggplot2\u2019. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ggplot2\/ggplot2.pdf (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0575","unstructured":"Wickham, H., 2019. Package \u2018tidyverse\u2019. https:\/\/cran.rstudio.com\/web\/packages\/tidyverse\/tidyverse.pdf (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0580","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 1993. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland. http:\/\/www.who.int\/classifications\/icd\/en\/bluebook.pdf (accessed 10 February 2021)."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8244","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6333-x","article-title":"A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.04.034","article-title":"Prenatal and neonatal peripheral blood mercury levels and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"133","author":"Yau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.06.007","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the evidence on the impact of prenatal and early infancy exposures to mercury on autism and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in the childhood","volume":"44","author":"Yoshimasu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2013.03.004","article-title":"Gestational age-specific reference intervals for blood copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, lead, and cadmium during normal pregnancy","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013","article-title":"The essential metals for humans: a brief overview","volume":"195","author":"Zoroddu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412021000933?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412021000933?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T12:12:47Z","timestamp":1758975167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412021000933"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["S0160412021000933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Metal and essential element concentrations during pregnancy and associations with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106468","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106468"}}