{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:39:40Z","timestamp":1787783980427,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T22:33:18Z","timestamp":1620253998000},"page":"106590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Measurement and evaluation of gaseous and particulate emissions from burning scented and unscented candles"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Tunga","family":"Salthammer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Wientzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Thomann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.12.040","article-title":"Characterization of hazardous and odorous volatiles emitted from scented candles before lighting and when lit","volume":"286","author":"Ahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-019-02891-4","article-title":"Ausschuss f\u00fcr Innenraumrichtwerte (German Committee on Indoor Guide Values). Richtwerte f\u00fcr Stickstoffdioxid (NO2) in der Innenraumluft","volume":"62","author":"AIR","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-019-03089-4","article-title":"Ausschuss f\u00fcr Innenraumrichtwerte (German Committee on Indoor Guide Values). Vorl\u00e4ufiger Leitwert f\u00fcr Benzol in der Innenraumluft","volume":"63","author":"AIR","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-019-03090-x","article-title":"Ausschuss f\u00fcr Innenraumrichtwerte (German Committee on Indoor Guide Values). Rundungsregeln f\u00fcr die Anwendung von Richt- und Leitwerten des Ausschusses f\u00fcr Innenraumrichtwerte","volume":"63","author":"AIR","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.03.008","article-title":"Skin contact transfer of three fragrance residues from candles to human hands","volume":"48","author":"Api","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2015.11.031","article-title":"Analysis of odour compounds from scented consumer products using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry","volume":"904","author":"Bartsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0035","first-page":"10240","article-title":"Ultrafine particles: exposure and source apportionment in 56 Danish homes","volume":"47","author":"Bek\u00f6","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)88591-8","article-title":"The fluorimetric determination of formaldehyde","volume":"29","author":"Belman","year":"1963","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.07.009","article-title":"Combustion particles emitted during church services: Implications for human respiratory health","volume":"40","author":"Chuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.03.027","article-title":"Emissions of air pollutants from scented candles burning in a test chamber","volume":"55","author":"Derudi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2394-2","article-title":"Emission of air pollutants from burning candles with different composition in indoor envoronments","volume":"21","author":"Derudi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0060","unstructured":"EN15426. Candles- Specification for sooting behaviour. Berlin: Beuth Verlag GmbH; 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0065","unstructured":"EN16516. Construction products- Assessment of release of dangerous substances\u2013 Determination of emissions into indoor air. Berlin: Beuth Verlag GmbH; 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0070","unstructured":"EN 16738. Emission safety of combustible air fresheners \u2013 Test methods. Berlin: Beuth Verlag GmbH; 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0075","unstructured":"EN 16739. Emission safety of combustible air fresheners \u2013 Methodology for the assessment of test results and application of recommended emission limits. Berlin: Beuth Verlag GmbH; 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0080","series-title":"Chemometrics in Environmental Analysis","author":"Einax","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0085","unstructured":"EU. The INDEX Project. Critical Appraisal of the Settings and Implementation of Indoor Exposure Limits in the EU. Final Report. Ispra: European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Physical and Chemical Exposure Unit; 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0090","series-title":"Fumifugium","author":"Evelyn","year":"1661"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0095","series-title":"The Chemical History of a Candle","author":"Faraday","year":"1848"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1021\/es981039v","article-title":"Characterization of fine particle emissions from burning church candles","volume":"33","author":"Fine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.08.030","article-title":"Waterpipes and e-cigarettes: impact of alternative smoking techniques on indoor air quality and health","volume":"106","author":"Fromme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.12.012","article-title":"The German approach to regulate indoor air contaminants","volume":"222","author":"Fromme","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0282-110","article-title":"The chemistry of flames","volume":"246","author":"Gardiner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.07.021","article-title":"Size distribution and emission rate measurement of fine and ultrafine particle from indoor human activities","volume":"42","author":"G\u00e9hin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2018.01.002","article-title":"Modeling nitrogen chemistry in combustion","volume":"67","author":"Glarborg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2015.06.008","article-title":"Nitrous acid (HONO): An emerging indoor pollutant","volume":"314","author":"Gligorovski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol., A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.01.009","article-title":"Characterization of particulate matter concentrations during controlled indoor activities","volume":"44","author":"Glytsos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.10.010","article-title":"Compilation of tables of surface deposition velocities for O3, NO2 and SO2 to a range of indoor surfaces","volume":"38","author":"Gr\u00f8ntoft","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.014","article-title":"Characterization of particulate and gaseous pollutants emitted during operation of a desktop 3D printer","volume":"123","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.03.001","article-title":"Impact of building materials on indoor formaldehyde levels: effect of ceiling tiles, mineral fiber insulation and gypsum board","volume":"64","author":"Gunschera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/1042391505053163","article-title":"Characterization of candle flames","volume":"15","author":"Hamins","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Fire. Prot. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0160","series-title":"Aerosol Technology Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles","author":"Hinds","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0165","series-title":"Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Combustion","author":"Hucknell","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(91)90318-9","article-title":"Impact of thermal proofing of a church on its indoor air quality: the combustion of candles and incense as a source of pollution","volume":"102","author":"Huynh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0175","unstructured":"IPSOS. Analysis of air freshener shopping and consumer behaviour. Study conducted by the Market Research. Institute IPSOS, on order of the Belgium Federal Public Service of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment. Ref. 888BZ01; 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.07.053","article-title":"Contribution of indoor-generated particles to residential exposure","volume":"106","author":"Isaxon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0185","unstructured":"ISO12884. Ambient air- Determination of total (gas and particle phase) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons- Collection on sorbent-backed filters with gas chromatographic\/mass spectrometric analysis. Berlin: Beuth Verlag GmbH; 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0190","unstructured":"ISO16000-3. Indoor air- Part3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor air and test chamber air- Active sampling method. Berlin: Beuth Verlag GmbH; 2011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0195","unstructured":"ISO16000-6. Indoor air- Part6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test chamber air by active sampling on Tenax TA\u00ae sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS or MS-FID. Berlin: Beuth Verlag GmbH; 2011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0200","series-title":"16000\u20139. Indoor air - Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing - Emission test chamber method","author":"ISO","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1021\/es025680f","article-title":"Degradation of the adsorbent Tenax TA by nitrogen oxides, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, OH radical and limonene oxidation products","volume":"36","author":"Klen\u00f8","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12714","article-title":"Determination of the emission indices for NO, NO2, HONO, HCHO, CO, and particles emitted from candles","volume":"31","author":"Klosterk\u00f6ther","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.047","article-title":"Characteristics of emissions of air pollutants from mosquito coils and candles burning in a large environmental chamber","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1021\/es030544b","article-title":"Full-scale chamber investigation and simulation of air freshener emissions in the presence of ozone","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2010.00683.x","article-title":"Hazard assessment of chemical air contaminants measured in residences","volume":"21","author":"Logue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luer\u00dfen, B.; Peppler, K.; Ries, M.; Janek, J.; Over, H. Die Kerze. Chemie in unserer Zeit 49:362-370; 2015.","DOI":"10.1002\/ciuz.201500687"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-1394-y","article-title":"Emission characteristics of air pollutants from incense and candle burning in indoor atmospheres","volume":"20","author":"Manoukian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0240","first-page":"109","article-title":"Characterization of benzene and formaldehyde emissions from burning incense and scented candles indoors: Development of exposure scenarios and recommendations for use","volume":"8","author":"Maupetit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environnement Risques & Sant\u00e9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0245","series-title":"Interpretation of Mass Spectra","author":"McLafferty","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-1285(89)90017-8","article-title":"Mechanism and modeling of nitrogen chemistry in combustion","volume":"15","author":"Miller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12190","article-title":"Results of the California Healthy Homes Indoor Air Quality Study of 2011\u20132013: Impact of natural gas appliances on air pollutant concentrations","volume":"26","author":"Mullen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.02.040","article-title":"Cleaning products and air fresheners: exposure to primary and secondary air pollutants","volume":"38","author":"Nazaroff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0265","unstructured":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). Air Toxics Hot Spots Program - Risk Assessment Guidelines. Sacramento, CA: California Environmental Protection Agency; 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.12.024","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor emission from decorative candles","volume":"45","author":"Orecchio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.10.005","article-title":"Chemical composition and mass emission factors of candle smoke particles","volume":"40","author":"Pagels","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.02.010","article-title":"Human health risk evaluation of selected VOC, SVOC and particulate emissions from scented candles","volume":"69","author":"Petry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.100853","article-title":"Indoor cannabis smoke and children's health","volume":"14","author":"Posis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12800","article-title":"Emissions of ultrafine particles from five types of candles during steady burn conditions","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0295","series-title":"Organic Indoor Air Pollutants","article-title":"Environmental Test Chambers and Cells","author":"Salthammer","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.11.023","article-title":"Critical evaluation of approaches in setting indoor air quality guidelines and reference values","volume":"82","author":"Salthammer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0305","series-title":"Indoor Air Pollution","article-title":"Release of Organic Compounds and Particulate Matter from Products, Materials, and Electrical Devices in the Indoor Environment","author":"Salthammer","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.01.028","article-title":"Aerosols generated by hardcopy devices and other electrical appliances","volume":"169","author":"Salthammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.11.067","article-title":"Impact of operating wood-burning fireplace ovens on indoor air quality","volume":"103","author":"Salthammer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12228","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201711023","article-title":"Assessing human exposure to organic pollutants in the indoor environment","volume":"57","author":"Salthammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-1004-z","article-title":"Analytical procedure for the determination of very volatile organic compounds (C3\u2013C6) in indoor air","volume":"410","author":"Schieweck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0330","unstructured":"Schieweck, A., Wientzek S., Schulz, N., Uhde E., Salthammer, T. (2021). Quantitative determination of acrolein in air, submitted for publication; 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1021\/es404972s","article-title":"Chamber studies on non-vented decorative fireplaces using liquid or gelled ethanol fuels","volume":"48","author":"Schripp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.07.015","article-title":"Gas-phase organics in environmental tobacco smoke: 2. Exposure-relevant emission factors and indirect exposures from habitual smoking","volume":"37","author":"Singer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.06.005","article-title":"Indoor secondary pollutants from cleaning product and air freshener use in the presence of ozone","volume":"40","author":"Singer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.03.005","article-title":"Characteristics of particles and black carbon emitted by combustion of incenses, candles and anti-mosquito products","volume":"56","author":"Stabile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.09.044","article-title":"The effects of evaporating essential oils on indoor air quality","volume":"41","author":"Su","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.10.005","article-title":"A practical approach to estimate emission rates of indoor air pollutants due to the use of personal combustible products based on small-chamber studies","volume":"144","author":"Szulejko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0365","first-page":"158","article-title":"Influence of molecular parameters on the sink effect in test chambers","volume":"16","author":"Uhde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.11.020","article-title":"Impact of room fragrance products on indoor air quality","volume":"106","author":"Uhde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0375","unstructured":"US EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC). IRIS File on Acetaldehyde. Agency Work Group Review 10\/01\/1991. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 1991."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0380","unstructured":"US EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC). IRIS File on Naphthalene. Agency Work Group Review 09\/17\/1998. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 1998."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0385","unstructured":"US EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC). IRIS File on Benzene. Agency Work Group Review 04\/17\/2003. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 2003a."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0390","unstructured":"US EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC). IRIS File on Acrolein. Agency Work Group Review 06\/03\/2003. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 2003b."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0395","unstructured":"US EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC). IRIS File on Toluene. Agency Work Group Review 09\/23\/2005. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0400","unstructured":"US EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC). IRIS File on Propionaldehyde. Agency Work Group Review 09\/30\/2008. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0405","unstructured":"US EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC). IRIS File on Benzo[a]pyrene. Agency Work Group Review 01\/17\/2017. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0410","unstructured":"US EPA. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. Final Rule. 40 CFR Part 50, \u00a750.18. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0415","unstructured":"VDI 3874. Messen von Emissionen - Messen von polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAH) - GC\/MS-Verfahren. Stationary source emissions - Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) - GC\/MC method. Berlin: Beuth Verlag GmbH; 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2009.59","article-title":"Personal exposure to ultrafine particles","volume":"21","author":"Wallace","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12592","article-title":"Dynamic behavior of indoor ultrafine particles (2.3-64 nm) due to burning candles in a residence","volume":"29","author":"Wallace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0430","series-title":"Air quality guidelines global update","author":"WHO","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0435","series-title":"Guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00083-7","article-title":"Indoor ozone\/terpene reactions as a source of indoor particles","volume":"33","author":"Weschler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2006.05.001","article-title":"Studies on the size distribution, number and mass emission factors of candle particles characterized by modes of burning","volume":"37","author":"Zai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412021002154?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412021002154?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T12:12:34Z","timestamp":1758975154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412021002154"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["S0160412021002154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Measurement and evaluation of gaseous and particulate emissions from burning scented and unscented candles","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106590","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106590"}}