{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T22:58:22Z","timestamp":1788389902575,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 ES027823-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 ES027823-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004046","name":"Karen Elise Jensens Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T16:15:06Z","timestamp":1620317706000},"page":"106613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Exposure to nitrate from drinking water and the risk of childhood cancer in Denmark"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Leslie T.","family":"Stayner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Schullehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte Dige","family":"Semark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja S\u00f8ndergaard","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betina B.","family":"Trabjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rn","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary H.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rena R.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa R.","family":"Coffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten B.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torben","family":"Sigsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.12.029","article-title":"Epidemiology of brain tumors in childhood-a review","volume":"199","author":"Baldwin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20808","article-title":"National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Prevalence and patterns of nitrosatable drug use among U.S. women during early pregnancy","volume":"91","author":"Brender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1081\/CNV-46402","article-title":"Environmental and genetic risk factors for childhood leukemia: appraising the evidence","volume":"23","author":"Buffler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Invest."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0020","first-page":"619","article-title":"A review: dietary and endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and risk of childhood brain tumors","volume":"16","author":"Dietrich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4381","article-title":"Association between Outdoor Air Pollution and Childhood Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"127","author":"Filippini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.34194\/geusb.v23.4842","article-title":"Free, online Danish shallow geological data","volume":"23","author":"Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geol. Surv. Denmark Greenl. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1615\/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v29.i3.70","article-title":"Maternal intake of N-nitroso compounds from cured meat and the risk of pediatric brain tumors: a review","volume":"29","author":"Huncharek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Env. Path Tox. Onc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200101000-00004","article-title":"Drinking water contaminants and childhood leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Infante-Rivard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0045","first-page":"320","article-title":"The Danish Medical Birth Registry","volume":"45","author":"Knudsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dan Med. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0050","first-page":"107","article-title":"Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of N-nitroso compounds","volume":"1","author":"Lijinsky","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol Toxicol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0055","first-page":"e346","article-title":"Leukaemia and myeloid malignancy among people exposed to low doses (<100 mSv) of ionising radiation during childhood: a pooled analysis of nine historical cohort studies","volume":"5","author":"Little","year":"2018","journal-title":"LancetHaematol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2307\/2530744","article-title":"Biased selection of controls for case-control analyses of cohort studies","volume":"40","author":"Lubin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biometrics."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh215","article-title":"Household water source and the risk of childhood brain tumours: results of the SEARCH International Brain Tumor Study","volume":"33","author":"Mueller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109551","article-title":"Residential water source and the risk of childhood brain tumors","volume":"109","author":"Mueller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz123","article-title":"Risk factors for childhood and adult primary brain tumors","volume":"21","author":"Ostrom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105955","article-title":"Residential proximity to agriculture and risk of childhood leukemia and central nervous system tumors in the Danish national birth cohort","volume":"143","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"7_suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965","article-title":"The Danish Civil Registration System","volume":"39","author":"Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J. Public Health"},{"issue":"7_suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811408483","article-title":"Danish registers on personal labour market affiliation","volume":"39","author":"Petersson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0095","first-page":"536","article-title":"Domestic Radon and Childhood Cancer in Denmark","volume":"19","author":"Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0100","first-page":"17","article-title":"Comparative transplacental carcinogenesis by directly acting and metabolism-dependent alkylating agents in rodents and nonhuman primates","volume":"96","author":"Rice","year":"1989","journal-title":"IARC Sci. Publ."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810203191601","article-title":"Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood","volume":"319","author":"Ron","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.12.014","article-title":"The valuation of water quality: effects of mixing different drinking water qualities","volume":"43","author":"Rygaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"part B","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2017.03.006","article-title":"Drinking water quality estimation at household level for the use in Danish population-based long-term epidemiologic studies using nitrate as example","volume":"283","author":"Schullehner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/9\/095001","article-title":"Nitrate exposure from drinking water in Denmark over the past 35 years","volume":"9","author":"Schullehner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030276","article-title":"Nitrate, Nitrite, and Ammonium Variability in Drinking Water Distribution Systems","volume":"14","author":"Schullehner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(91)90183-8","article-title":"Quantitative relationship between oral nitrate-reducing activity and the endogenous formation of n-nitrosoamino acids in humans","volume":"29","author":"Shapiro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, Saurabh, Saxena, Abhishek, 2018. Global status of nitrate contamination in groundwater: its occurrence, health impacts, and mitigation measures. Handbook of Environmental Materials Management, pp. 869\u2013888.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73645-7_20"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1993.00472425002200030002x","article-title":"Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater\u2014a review","volume":"22","author":"Spalding","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2014.09.013","article-title":"Genetic and nongenetic risk factors for childhood cancer","volume":"62","author":"Spector","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20910","article-title":"International Classification of Childhood Cancer, third edition","volume":"103","author":"Steliarova-Foucher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0155","first-page":"535","article-title":"The Danish Cancer Registry\u2013history, content, quality and use","volume":"44","author":"Storm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dan Med. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0160","unstructured":"The World Bank, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG (assessed January 19, 2021)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0165","first-page":"261","article-title":"Herbicides and nitrates in groundwater of Maryland and childhood cancers: a geographic information systems approach","volume":"23","author":"Thorpe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog Ecotoxicol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900966","article-title":"Residential pesticides and childhood leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Turner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071557","article-title":"Drinking Water Nitrate and Human Health: An Updated Review","volume":"15","author":"Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2011.567951","article-title":"Nitrates in drinking water and the risk of death from childhood brain tumors in Taiwan","volume":"74","author":"Weng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412021002385?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412021002385?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T12:12:48Z","timestamp":1758975168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412021002385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0160412021002385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exposure to nitrate from drinking water and the risk of childhood cancer in Denmark","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106613","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106613"}}