{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T08:38:15Z","timestamp":1793090295916,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"US Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:15:13Z","timestamp":1620951313000},"page":"106615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A mixture of 15 phthalates and pesticides below individual chemical no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) produces reproductive tract malformations in the male rat"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Justin M.","family":"Conley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christy S.","family":"Lambright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Cardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Medlock-Kakaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vickie S.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"L. Earl","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.34","article-title":"Adverse outcome pathways: a conceptual framework to support ecotoxicology research and risk assessment","volume":"29","author":"Ankley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0447","article-title":"Mixtures of endocrine-disrupting contaminants induce adverse developmental effects in preweaning rats","volume":"147","author":"Axelstad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-17-0307","article-title":"EDC IMPACT: Reduced sperm counts in rats exposed to human relevant mixtures of endocrine disrupters","volume":"7","author":"Axelstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu149","article-title":"Simvastatin and dipentyl phthalate lower ex vivo testicular testosterone production and exhibit additive effects on testicular testosterone and gene expression via distinct mechanistic pathways in the fetal rat","volume":"141","author":"Beverly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112167","article-title":"Chemical Mixture Calculator - A novel tool for mixture risk assessment","volume":"152","author":"Boberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13972","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04622","article-title":"Reconnaissance of mixed organic and inorganic chemicals in private and public supply tapwaters at selected residential and workplace sites in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Bradley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23021","article-title":"Environmental and genetic contributors to hypospadias: a review of the epidemiologic evidence","volume":"94","author":"Carmichael","year":"2012","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0040","series-title":"Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals","author":"CDC","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105870","article-title":"Grouping of endocrine disrupting chemicals for mixture risk assessment - Evidence from a rat study","volume":"142","author":"Christiansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01242.x","article-title":"Mixtures of endocrine disrupting contaminants modelled on human high end exposures: an exploratory study in rats","volume":"35","author":"Christiansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00866.x","article-title":"Combined exposure to anti-androgens causes markedly increased frequencies of hypospadias in the rat","volume":"31","author":"Christiansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900689","article-title":"Synergistic disruption of external male sex organ development by a mixture of four antiandrogens","volume":"117","author":"Christiansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy069","article-title":"Mixed \u201cantiandrogenic\u201d chemicals at low individual doses produce reproductive tract malformations in the male rat","volume":"164","author":"Conley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106204","article-title":"Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA or GenX) alters maternal and fetal glucose and lipid metabolism and produces neonatal mortality, low birthweight, and hepatomegaly in the Sprague-Dawley rat","volume":"146","author":"Conley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37008","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4372","article-title":"Adverse maternal, fetal, and postnatal effects of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) from oral gestational exposure in sprague-dawley rats","volume":"127","author":"Conley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.10.013","article-title":"Biomarkers of exposure to environmental contaminants in French pregnant women from the Elfe cohort in 2011","volume":"97","author":"Dereumeaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181836","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181836","article-title":"Discovery of common chemical exposures across three continents using silicone wristbands","volume":"6","author":"Dixon","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2018.1505354","article-title":"Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of human and animal evidence of prenatal diethylhexyl phthalate exposure and changes in male anogenital distance","volume":"21","author":"Dorman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA, 2019. Guidance on harmonised methodologies for human health, animal health and ecological risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. EFSA J. 17(3), e05634. doi: 10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5634.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5634"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.029","article-title":"From the exposome to mechanistic understanding of chemical-induced adverse effects","volume":"99","author":"Escher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0105","unstructured":"European Commission, 2012. SCHER, SCCS, SCENIHR, Opinion on the Toxicity and Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. doi:10.2772\/21444."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1811-y","article-title":"Investigations of putative reproductive toxicity of low-dose exposures to vinclozolin in Wistar rats","volume":"91","author":"Flick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu081","article-title":"A short-term in vivo screen using fetal testosterone production, a key event in the phthalate adverse outcome pathway, to predict disruption of sexual differentiation","volume":"140","author":"Furr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113563","article-title":"Association between pre\/perinatal exposure to POPs and children's anogenital distance at age 4 years: a study from the INMA-Asturias cohort","volume":"229","author":"Garc\u00eda-Villarino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfz010","article-title":"A conflicted tale of two novel AR antagonists in vitro and in vivo: pyrifluquinazon versus bisphenol C","volume":"168","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp109","article-title":"Transgenerational effects of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the male CRL:CD(SD) rat: added value of assessing multiple offspring per litter","volume":"110","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1191\/074823399678846646","article-title":"Environmental antiandrogens: low doses of the fungicide vinclozolin alter sexual differentiation of the male rat","volume":"15","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00636.x","article-title":"Adverse effects of environmental antiandrogens and androgens on reproductive development in mammals","volume":"29","author":"Gray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfab053","article-title":"Genomic and endocrine biomarkers of phthalate-induced male rat reproductive developmental toxicity part II: a targeted RT-qPCR array approach that defines a unique adverse outcome pathway","author":"Gray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1994.1227","article-title":"Developmental effects of an environmental antiandrogen: the fungicide vinclozolin alters sex differentiation of the male rat","volume":"129","author":"Gray","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr315","article-title":"Genomic biomarkers of phthalate-induced male reproductive developmental toxicity: a targeted RT-PCR array approach for defining relative potency","volume":"125","author":"Hannas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr146","article-title":"Dose-response assessment of fetal testosterone production and gene expression levels in rat testes following in utero exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisoheptyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate","volume":"123","author":"Hannas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.05.090","article-title":"Adverse effects on sexual development in rat offspring after low dose exposure to a mixture of endocrine disrupting pesticides","volume":"34","author":"Hass","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9360","article-title":"Combined exposure to anti-androgens exacerbates disruption of sexual differentiation in the rat","volume":"115","author":"Hass","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.2000.1400","article-title":"Pre- and postnatal oral toxicity of vinclozolin in Wistar and Long-Evans rats","volume":"32","author":"Hellwig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.031674","article-title":"A mixture of the \u201cantiandrogens\u201d linuron and butyl benzyl phthalate alters sexual differentiation of the male rat in a cumulative fashion","volume":"71","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2010.06.001","article-title":"In utero exposure to an AR antagonist plus an inhibitor of fetal testosterone synthesis induces cumulative effects on F1 male rats","volume":"30","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm069","article-title":"Cumulative effects of dibutyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate on male rat reproductive tract development: altered fetal steroid hormones and genes","volume":"99","author":"Howdeshell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm306","article-title":"Gestational and lactational exposure to ethinyl estradiol, but not bisphenol A, decreases androgen-dependent reproductive organ weights and epididymal sperm abundance in the male long evans hooded rat","volume":"102","author":"Howdeshell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"2 Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.11.007","article-title":"Cumulative effects of antiandrogenic chemical mixtures and their relevance to human health risk assessment","volume":"220","author":"Howdeshell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv196","article-title":"Dose addition models based on biologically relevant reductions in fetal testosterone accurately predict postnatal reproductive tract alterations by a phthalate mixture in rats","volume":"148","author":"Howdeshell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn077","article-title":"A mixture of five phthalate esters inhibits fetal testicular testosterone production in the sprague-dawley rat in a cumulative, dose-additive manner","volume":"105","author":"Howdeshell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.07.006","article-title":"Butylparaben multigenerational reproductive assessment by continuous breeding in Hsd: Sprague Dawley SD rats following dietary exposure","volume":"96","author":"Hubbard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0448","article-title":"Late-life effects on rat reproductive system after developmental exposure to mixtures of endocrine disrupters","volume":"147","author":"Isling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.01046.x","article-title":"Combined exposure to endocrine disrupting pesticides impairs parturition, causes pup mortality and affects sexual differentiation in rats","volume":"33","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110581","article-title":"Which chemicals should be grouped together for mixture risk assessments of male reproductive disorders?","volume":"499","author":"Kortenkamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"6399","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat9219","article-title":"Regulate to reduce chemical mixture risk","volume":"361","author":"Kortenkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/56.2.389","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of linuron: An antiandrogenic herbicide that produces reproductive malformations in male rats","volume":"56","author":"Lambright","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0245","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Reprod. Update"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23461","article-title":"Population-based birth defects data in the United States, 2008 to 2012: Presentation of state-specific data and descriptive brief on variability of prevalence","volume":"103","author":"Mai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2000.8998","article-title":"Effects of in utero exposure to linuron on androgen-dependent reproductive development in the male Crl:CD(SD)BR rat","volume":"167","author":"McIntyre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm079","article-title":"Dysgenesis and histological changes of genitals and perturbations of gene expression in male rats after in utero exposure to antiandrogen mixtures","volume":"98","author":"Metzdorff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0064-x","article-title":"Cumulative chemical exposures during pregnancy and early development","volume":"2","author":"Mitro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6987","article-title":"Chemical mixtures: considering the evolution of toxicology and chemical assessment","volume":"113","author":"Monosson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-014-1361-y","article-title":"Increasing incidence of testicular cancer in the United States and Europe between 1992 and 2009","volume":"33","author":"Nigam","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0280","series-title":"Committee on the Health Risks of Phthalates - Phthalates and cumulative risk assessment: The task ahead","author":"NRC","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/58.2.339","article-title":"The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat","volume":"58","author":"Parks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107297","article-title":"International trends in the rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism","volume":"107","author":"Paulozzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.5.831","article-title":"Hypospadias trends in two US surveillance systems","volume":"100","author":"Paulozzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0300","unstructured":"PPDB, 2020. Pesticide Properties Database. Online available - Accessed December 17, 2020 http:\/\/sitem.herts.ac.uk\/aeru\/ppdb\/en\/index.htm."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0160432","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160432","article-title":"Number of persistent organic pollutants detected at high concentrations in blood samples of the United States population","volume":"11","author":"Pumarega","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.24","article-title":"Assessment of chemical coexposure patterns based upon phthalate biomonitoring data within the 2007\/2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"25","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Expo Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy055","article-title":"Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and a mixture of endocrine disrupters reduce thyroxine levels and cause antiandrogenic effects in rats","volume":"163","author":"Ramhoj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00859.x","article-title":"A mixture of seven antiandrogens induces reproductive malformations in rats","volume":"31","author":"Rider","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.01049.x","article-title":"Cumulative effects of in utero administration of mixtures of reproductive toxicants that disrupt common target tissues via diverse mechanisms of toxicity","volume":"33","author":"Rider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfi247","article-title":"An integrated addition and interaction model for assessing toxicity of chemical mixtures","volume":"87","author":"Rider","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623308329478","article-title":"Cumulative effects of in utero administration of mixtures of \u201cantiandrogens\u201d on male rat reproductive development","volume":"37","author":"Rider","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-2053-3","article-title":"Investigations on the dose-response relationship of combined exposure to low doses of three anti-androgens in Wistar rats","volume":"91","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2010.09.010","article-title":"Vinclozolin: a feasibility and sensitivity study of the ILSI-HESI F1-extended one-generation rat reproduction protocol","volume":"59","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-018-2350-5","article-title":"Anogenital distance as a toxicological or clinical marker for fetal androgen action and risk for reproductive disorders","volume":"93","author":"Schwartz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1021\/es0101227","article-title":"Something from \u201cnothing\u201d - eight weak estrogenic chemicals combined at concentrations below NOECs produce significant mixture effects","volume":"36","author":"Silva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0360","article-title":"Sperm counts, testicular cancers, and the environment","volume":"359","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2015","article-title":"Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: influences of environment and genetic susceptibility","volume":"96","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02654.x","article-title":"Cryptorchidism: incidence, risk factors, and potential role of environment; an update","volume":"24","author":"Thonneau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.3.282","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias, and methodological limitations of registry-based data","volume":"7","author":"Toppari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0380","unstructured":"USEPA, 2000. Registration Eligibility Decision (RED): Vinclozolin. EPA 738-R-00-023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0385","unstructured":"USEPA, 2020. Pesticide Product and Label System. Online available - Accessed December 17, 2020 https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/safepestcontrol\/search-registered-pesticide-products."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-2864-5","article-title":"Hypospadias, all there is to know","volume":"176","author":"van der Horst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1050","article-title":"Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses","volume":"33","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"6476","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay3164","article-title":"The exposome and health: where chemistry meets biology","volume":"367","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00861.x","article-title":"Diverse mechanisms of anti-androgen action: impact on male rat reproductive tract development","volume":"31","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2003.09.012","article-title":"Phthalate ester-induced gubernacular lesions are associated with reduced insl3 gene expression in the fetal rat testis","volume":"146","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.12.017","article-title":"The herbicide linuron reduces testosterone production from the fetal rat testis during both in utero and in vitro exposures","volume":"186","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.06.027","article-title":"Hypospadias prevalence and trends in international birth defect surveillance systems, 1980\u20132010","volume":"76","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412021002403?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412021002403?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T12:10:46Z","timestamp":1758975046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412021002403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["S0160412021002403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A mixture of 15 phthalates and pesticides below individual chemical no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) produces reproductive tract malformations in the male rat","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106615","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106615"}}