{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:56:19Z","timestamp":1793048179627,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T19:28:02Z","timestamp":1628537282000},"page":"106817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Long-term ozone exposure and mortality from neurological diseases in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"157","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-2112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naizhuo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Pinault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaniyan","family":"Toyib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Vanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Tjepkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabit","family":"Cakmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.04.028","article-title":"Clinical effects of air pollution on the central nervous system; a review","volume":"43","author":"Babadjouni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm396","article-title":"Effect modification by community characteristics on the short-term effects of ozone exposure and mortality in 98 US communities","volume":"167","author":"Bell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0015","unstructured":"B\u00e9rard-Chagnon, J., 2017. Comparison of Place of Residence between the T1 Family File and the Census: Evaluation using record linkage. Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada, Catalogueno. 91F0015M\u2014No. 13."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11109","DOI":"10.1021\/es502113p","article-title":"Fifteen-year global time series of satellite-derived fine particulate matter","volume":"48","author":"Boys","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0025","unstructured":"Brauer, M., Brook, J.R., Christidis, T., Chu, Y., Crouse, D.L., Erickson, A., et al., 2021. Mortality-Air Pollution associations in Low Exposure environments (MAPLE): Final Report \u2013 October 2020. Health Effects Institute."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02503.x","article-title":"Cause of death in patients with dementia disorders","volume":"16","author":"Brunnstrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.11.030","article-title":"Associations between long-term PM2.5 and ozone exposure and mortality in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CANCHEC), by spatial synoptic classification zone","volume":"111","author":"Cakmak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b9002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.04.067","article-title":"Ozone exposure and cardiovascular-related mortality in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CANCHEC) by spatial synoptic classification zone.","volume":"214","author":"Cakmak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.045","article-title":"Exposure to traffic and mortality risk in the 1991\u20132011 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC)","volume":"124","author":"Cakmak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0045","unstructured":"Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 2012. Guidance Document on Achievement determination Canadian ambient air quality standards for fine particulate matter and ozone. Available from https:\/\/www.ccme.ca\/files\/Resources\/air\/aqms\/pn_1483_gdad_eng.pdf, last accessed on January 11, 2020."},{"issue":"10082","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318276c005","article-title":"Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30029-8","article-title":"The global burden of neurological disorders","volume":"18","author":"Carroll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409276","article-title":"Ambient PM2.5, O3, and NO2 exposures and associations with mortality over 16 years of follow-up in the Candian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC)","volume":"123","author":"Crouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18916","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18916","article-title":"A new method to jointly estimate the mortality risk of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and its components","volume":"6","author":"Crouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E289","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30118-3","article-title":"Urban greenness and mortality in Canada\u2019s largest cities: a national cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Crouse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001136","article-title":"Evaluating the sensitivity of PM2.5-Mortality associations to the spatial and temporal scale of exposure assessment","volume":"31","author":"Crouse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110267","article-title":"Residential greenness and indicators of stress and mental well-being in a Canadian national-level survey","volume":"192","author":"Crouse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:29:2:243","article-title":"Gender differences in neurological disease","volume":"29","author":"Czlonkowska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307413","article-title":"Proximity to traffic, ambient air pollution, and community noise in relation to incident rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"122","author":"De Roos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10482","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02076","article-title":"High-resolution satellite-derived PM2.5 from optimal estimation and geographically weighted regression over North America","volume":"49","author":"van Donkelaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0110","unstructured":"Fin\u00e8s, P., Pinault, L., Tjepkema, M., 2017. Imputing postal codes to analyze ecological variables in longitudinal cohorts: exposure to particulate matter in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort. Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies: Methods and References. Cat. No. 11-633-X-006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.9.809","article-title":"The Relationships between age, sex, and the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Gao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiarty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0120","first-page":"459","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis of rthe Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2014.922648","article-title":"Exposure to ozone induces a systemic inflammatory response: possible source of the neurological alterations induced by this gas","volume":"26","author":"Gonzalez-Guevara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inhalation Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0130","first-page":"198","article-title":"Suburban nation? Estimating the size of Canada\u2019s suburban population","volume":"30","author":"Gordon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Architectural Plann. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3141\/2661-12","article-title":"The missing middle: Filling the gap between walkability and observed walking behavior","volume":"2661","author":"Hermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Record: J. Transport. Res. Board"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002976","article-title":"Creating national air pollution models for population exposure assessment in Canada","volume":"119","author":"Hystad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0145","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 2020. GBD Compare Data Visualization, Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington. (Acessed 9 February 9, 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.012","article-title":"Human health effects of air pollution","volume":"151","author":"Kampa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5838","article-title":"A Quantile-based g-computation approach to addressing the effects of exposure mixtures","volume":"128","author":"Keil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0160","first-page":"3","article-title":"Positional accuracy of geocoding from residential postal codes versus full street addresses","volume":"29","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0165","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dementia Mortality in the United States, 2000\u20132017","volume":"68","author":"Kramarow","year":"2019","journal-title":"National Vital Statistics Reports : From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System."},{"issue":"9859","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403823","article-title":"Development of the Canadian Marginalization Index: a new tool for the study of inequality","volume":"108","author":"Matheson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5071","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06875","article-title":"Estimated long-term (1981\u20132016) concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter across North America from chemical transport modeling, satellite remote sensing, and ground-based measurements","volume":"53","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201500047","article-title":"Microglial priming through the lung-brain axis: the role of air pollution-induced circulating factors","volume":"30","author":"Mumaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199909000-00029","article-title":"On the comparable quantification of health risks: Lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"10","author":"Murray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5204","article-title":"Examining the shape of the association between low levels of fine particulate matter and mortality across three cycles of the Canadian census health and environment cohort","volume":"127","author":"Pappin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0200","first-page":"698","article-title":"Controlled population-based comparative study of USA and international adult [55-74] neurological deaths 1989\u20132014","volume":"136","author":"Pritchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.01.004","article-title":"Ageing and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Why is advancing age the biggest risk factor?","volume":"14","author":"Reeve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-9-3","article-title":"Modifiers of short-term effects of ozone on mortality in eastern Massachusetts \u2013 A casecrossover analysis at individual level","volume":"9","author":"Ren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b9005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c6f7d9","article-title":"Occupational Exposures and Lung Cancer Adjustment for Unmeasured Confounding by Smoking","volume":"21","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-1769-2014","article-title":"Multi-year objective analyses of warm season ground-level ozone and PM2.5 over North America using real-time observations and Canadian operational air quality models","volume":"14","author":"Robichaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0220","unstructured":"Ross, N.A., Wasfi, R., Hermann, T., Gleckner, W., 2016. Canadian Active Living Environments Database (Can-ALE) user manual and technical document. Available from http:\/\/canue.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/CanALE_UserGuide.pdf, last accessed on February 4, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-85-12-1931","article-title":"Progress in heat watch-warning system technology","volume":"85","author":"Sheridan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.057","article-title":"Dynamic assessment of PM2.5 exposure and health risk using remote sensing and geo-spatial big data","volume":"253","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190015","article-title":"Air pollution, stress, and allostatic load: linking systemic and central nervous system impacts","volume":"69","author":"Thomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0240","first-page":"18","article-title":"Cohort profile : The Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts (CanCHECs)","volume":"30","author":"Tjepkema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-014-0266-7","article-title":"Association of weather and air pollution interactions on daily mortality in 12 Canadian cities","volume":"8","author":"Vanos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.03.003","article-title":"A cohort study relating urban green space with mortality in Ontario, Canada","volume":"115","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.12.022","article-title":"A cohort study of intra-urban variations in volatile organic compounds and mortality, Toronto, Canada","volume":"183","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16770-y","article-title":"Impact of oxidant gases on the relationship between outdoor fine particulate air pollution and nonaccidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality","volume":"7","author":"Weichenthal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1849","article-title":"Ambient ozone pollution and daily mortality: A nationwide study in 272 Chinese cities","volume":"125","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.10.077","article-title":"Using cell phone location to assess misclassification errors in air pollution exposure estimation","volume":"233","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-017-1306-4","article-title":"The effects of synoptic weather on influenza infection incidences: a retrospective study utilizing digital disease surveillance","volume":"62","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105472","article-title":"Investigating associations between anti-nuclear antibody positivity and combined long-term exposures to NO2, O3, and PM2.5 using a Bayesian kernel machine regression approach","volume":"136","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00637-3","article-title":"Long-term exposure to a mixture of industrial SO2, NO2, and PM2.5 and anti-citrullinated protein antibody positivity","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health"}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412021004426?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412021004426?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T12:15:43Z","timestamp":1758975343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412021004426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S0160412021004426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Long-term ozone exposure and mortality from neurological diseases in Canada","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106817","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106817"}}