{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:23:07Z","timestamp":1791822187199,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T21:24:44Z","timestamp":1642022684000},"page":"107067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Air pollution as a risk factor for Cognitive Impairment no Dementia (CIND) and its progression to dementia: A longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"160","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6033-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2843-2908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Stafoggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petter","family":"Ljungman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7283-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika J.","family":"Laukka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Eneroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Bellander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Rizzuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP161","article-title":"Particulate matter and subclinical atherosclerosis: Associations between different particle sizes and sources with carotid intima-media thickness in the sapaldia study","volume":"124","author":"Aguilera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr213","article-title":"Competing risks in epidemiology: Possibilities and pitfalls","volume":"41","author":"Andersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1202753","article-title":"Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited alzheimer's disease","volume":"367","author":"Bateman","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009","article-title":"Air pollution: Mechanisms of neuroinflammation & cns disease","volume":"32","author":"Block","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.280","article-title":"Particulate air pollutants, apoe alleles and their contributions to cognitive impairment in older women and to amyloidogenesis in experimental models","volume":"7","author":"Cacciottolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10070","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32399-6","article-title":"Living near major roads and the incidence of dementia, parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis: A population-based cohort study","volume":"389","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.01.018","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution and cognitive functioning across the life course \u2013 a systematic literature review","volume":"147","author":"Clifford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"9068","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)01007-6","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population","volume":"349","author":"Graham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.001","article-title":"Co-occurrence of cognitive impairment and physical frailty, and incidence of dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Grande","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4914","article-title":"Association between cardiovascular disease and long-term exposure to air pollution with the risk of dementia","volume":"77","author":"Grande","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12002","article-title":"Cognitive and physical markers of prodromal dementia: A 12-year-long population study","volume":"16","author":"Grande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dementia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0060","first-page":"1","article-title":"Long-term exposure to pm2.5 and cognitive decline: A longitudinal population-based study","author":"Grande","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Disease"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4306","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124306","article-title":"Ambient air pollution increases the risk of cerebrovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders through induction of inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"21","author":"Hahad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2010.03.011","article-title":"Mobility in different generations of older persons","volume":"18","author":"Hjorthol","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz154","article-title":"The role of cardiovascular disease in the relationship between air pollution and incident dementia: A population-based cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Ilango","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200766","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cognitive function among hispanic\/latino adults in san diego, california","volume":"79","author":"Ilango","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Disease"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1782","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009314","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and trajectories of cognitive decline among older adults","volume":"94","author":"Kulick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324546","article-title":"A longitudinal study integrating population, care and social services data. The swedish national study on aging and care (snac)","volume":"16","author":"Lagergren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000637","article-title":"Combined genetic influences on episodic memory decline in older adults without dementia","volume":"34","author":"Laukka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75001","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075001","article-title":"Fine particulate matter and incident cognitive impairment in the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke (regards) cohort","volume":"8","author":"Loop","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0105","article-title":"Inverse probability weighting","volume":"352","author":"Mansournia","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.110-1240959","article-title":"Ultrafine particles in the urban air: To the respiratory tract\u2013and beyond?","volume":"110","author":"Oberd\u00f6rster","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408322","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and dementia incidence in northern sweden: A longitudinal study","volume":"124","author":"Oudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13048-1","article-title":"Is long-term exposure to air pollution associated with episodic memory? A longitudinal study from northern sweden","volume":"7","author":"Oudin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200320","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and incident dementia: Direct and indirect pathways through metabolic dysfunction","volume":"76","author":"Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"s1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S145","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180631","article-title":"Air pollution and dementia: A systematic review","volume":"70","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22362","article-title":"Incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment, not dementia in the united states","volume":"70","author":"Plassman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105333","article-title":"Long-term transportation noise exposure and incidence of ischaemic heart disease and stroke: A cohort study","author":"Pyko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occupat. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070742","article-title":"Health impact of pm10, pm2.5 and black carbon exposure due to different source sectors in stockholm, gothenburg and umea, sweden","volume":"14","author":"Segersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.737","article-title":"Attenuation of exposure-response curves in occupational cohort studies at high exposure levels","volume":"29","author":"Stayner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17188","article-title":"Ambient fine particulate matter exposure and incident mild cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"69","author":"Sullivan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000144","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution in relation to cognitive function in older adults","volume":"25","author":"Tonne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (strobe) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"von Elm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.683","article-title":"Exposure to particulate air pollution and cognitive decline in older women","volume":"172","author":"Weuve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70286-6","article-title":"A life-course approach to the aetiology of late-onset dementias","volume":"5","author":"Whalley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq060","article-title":"Effects of personal exposure to particulate matter and ozone on arterial stiffness and heart rate variability in healthy adults","volume":"171","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Environment International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412021006929?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160412021006929?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T12:17:14Z","timestamp":1758975434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160412021006929"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0160412021006929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-4120"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-4120","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Air pollution as a risk factor for Cognitive Impairment no Dementia (CIND) and its progression to dementia: A longitudinal study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environment International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107067"}}